4 thoughts on “jewelry wholesale singapore How to get venture capital? What are the investment targets for venture capital?”
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orchid jewelry wholesale 1. Interest rate risk.
This refers to a risk of changes in interest rates and changes in currency supply, which leads to changes in securities demand and leads to changes in securities prices. The interest rate is reduced, and people think that depositing banks is not cost -effective, and they will take out the money to buy securities, resulting in an increase in the number of securities buyers and the increase in securities prices. On the contrary, interest rates are raised, and people think The reduction of prices also declined. In Western developed countries, interest rates have changed frequently, and interest rate risks of decline in stock price declines due to the decline in interest rate declines or increased interest rates caused by interest rate increases. In the following uns developcted countries, interest rates have less changes. Correspondingly, people have a poor awareness and ability to bear this risk. For example, in August and September 1988, the interest rate of banks in my country was raised. For some people who bought bonds, it was because the bonds were higher than the bank's interest rate than the bank. At the time, the interest rate of bonds has decreased compared to bank interest rates, and it cannot be "preserved". Therefore, many bond investors call for banks, issued bond companies, and news media to raise bond interest rates. In fact, this is exactly that they lack investment common sense, and they do not know that buying securities will encounter a reflection of interest rate risks.
2. Price risk.
is also called inflation risk, which refers to a risk of changes in prices affecting the change of securities prices. There are two cases here: one is the changes in the price of some important items (such as electricity, coal, oil, etc.), which affects the cost and income of most products; the other is the change of the price index. Generally speaking, when the price index rises, the currency depreciates, and people will feel that buying bonds suffer, which causes bond prices to decline. The Treasury coupon with a face -to -100 face value when buying the wind in 1988 is thrown out at the price of seven or eighty yuan. influences. However, stocks are a means of preservation. Because of the symbol of corporate assets, corporate assets will also be appreciated when prices rise. Therefore, rising prices often cause stock prices to rise. On the other hand, the rise in prices, especially the price of coal, electricity, and oil, increases the cost of corporate costs. At this time, investment stocks will inevitably have risks. However, in general, prices rise, bond prices fall, and the stock market will flourish.
3. Market risk.
This refers to the risk of changes in securities price changes due to various factors. The securities market is changing rapidly, which directly affects supply and demand relationships, including turbulence in political situation, tightening monetary supply, government intervention in the financial market, investing in the public's psychological fluctuations, and great speculators. Take the Shanghai stock market, the fatigue falling before June 1991, the shareholders saw that the value of the stock in their hands not only did not increase, but the stocks fell below the ticket, and they had no interest in the stock market. The market continues to fall, and it is unwilling to rush into the market, causing fewer entry and exit. Although listed stocks can not have tens of millions of yuan, it is still too much. After July, under the influence of foreign investors, and the excitement of major projects such as Pudong Development, the Shanghai stock market has greatly changed its psychology, and the stocks of tens of millions of yuan have become great in short supply. For such a cold and cold stock market, it can be said that the vast majority of people are unexpected because there are many accidental accidents that cannot be predicting. In other words, if investors invest in the stock market in June, although the price is very low, they will encounter many unexpected risks. Because of the high risk, the opportunities for profit will be high. Those who invested in June would turn over in October.
4. Enterprise risk.
The refers to the risks caused by factors such as industry competition, market demand, raw material supply, changes in costs, and management. There are generally three corporate risks. The first is business risks. There are factors of a certain product saturation and slow sales in the market, as well as the influence of government industrial policies, which are restricted by a certain industry or industry. For example, in order to prevent pollution, pollution -oriented enterprises may be closed or migrated, or they must spend a lot of costs to improve pollution, causing corporate profits to greatly reduce or even lose money. The second is financial risks, which refers to poor financial status of the enterprise, including improper financial management, poor planning, expansion of negligence, etc., resulting in non -operating losses and capital losses. If a business risk occurs, it can still be adjusted. If you encounter financial risks, sometimes in his accounting report, you will use unrealistic financial data to deceive shareholders and mislead investors. When it comes to the benefit, it seems that when the company's profit is greatly increased, it needs to attract special attention. This is likely to be an illusion that investors must be treated with caution.
. Investment risk can be divided into social public risks and individual risks according to the scope of risk impact. risk. Similarly, the risks caused by the subjective factors of investors themselves are also a list of individual risks, including blindly following the trend, unnecessary panic, insatiable greed, misunderstanding the situation, missing timing of buying and selling, obsessed with the stock market like gamblers, and so on. Among them, blindly follow the trend and insatience to put investors in two common risks. Blords to follow the trend often associate with unnecessary panic and become a victim of the big speculators to manipulate the stock market. Some large speculators often use market psychology to stir up the stock market and raise the stock price, so that ordinary investors think that it is profitable, and chase it up. With a sharp pull, general investors did not know, and under the psychology of fear, they had to follow up blindly. This kind of ups and downs, which is promoted by blindly following the trend, often make investors fall dizzy, while speculators get great profits from them. The greed is linked to gambling psychology. After profitable in the stock market, most of them will be fainted by victory, and frequently injects it like a gambling stick until they lose the light. Conversely, if they lose in the stock market, they often fight against the water and throw all the funds on the stock, and throw it alone. There is no doubt that this kind of person is mostly endless.
The category of securities investment risks
The investment risk refers to the possibility of loss or damage. As far as securities investment is concerned, risk is the possibility of investors' income and principal suffering. From the perspective of risk definition, there are two main types of securities investment risks: one is the loss of the income and principal of investors; loss. In various cases, investors' income and principal may suffer losses. For stock holders, when the issuing company suffers from losing money due to poor management, or when the expected investment effect is not obtained, investors holding the company's shares will be reduced. Investors did not get any dividends at all; after the investor purchased a company's stock, due to the influence of some political or economic factors, most investors held a pessimistic attitude towards the company’s future prospects. At this time, at this time, at this time, at this time, at this time Due to a large amount of selling, the company's stock price fell straight, and investors had to get off at a low price. In this way, investors bought at high prices and sold at low prices, so the principal suffered losses. For bond investors, bond issuers have determined the interest of the bonds when they sell bonds and promised to pay the principal and interest. However, not all bond issuers can perform their debts in accordance with the prescribed procedures. Once the debt issuer falls into a financial dilemma or is not good at operating, it cannot pay interest and repay the principal according to regulations, and even completely disabled the ability of investors, the investor's income and principal will inevitably suffer losses. The investor's income and principal purchase power loss mainly comes from inflation. When prices rose sharply and inflation occurred, although the nominal income and principal of investors remain unchanged, or have risen, as long It will decline, and inflation erodes the actual income of investors. In the root cause of risks, securities investment risks can be divided into corporate risks, currency market risks, market price risks and purchasing power risks. It, from the perspective of the relationship between risks and income, securities investment risks can be divided into two types: market risk (also known as system risk) and non-market risks (NON-, also known as non-system risk).
The market risk
This refers to the risk of fluctuations in the entire market. It is a change in securities income caused by factors affecting all kinds of securities prices. Economic, political, interest rates, inflation, etc. are all causes of market risks. Market risks include purchasing power risks, market price risks and currency markets.
Non -market risks
The risk of fluctuations in the entire market. It is the risk unique to a certain enterprise or an industry. For example, the impact of management capabilities, labor issues, and changes in consumer preferences on securities income. Non -market risks include corporate risks. The industries with high market risks, such as basic industries, raw material industries, etc., their sales, profits and securities prices are related to economic activities and securities market conditions. Industries with high non -market risks are industries that produce non -durable consumer goods, such as public utilities, communications industries and food industries. It because market risks are linked to the entire market's fluctuations, no matter how investors decentralize investment funds, they cannot eliminate and avoid this part of the risk; non -market risks have nothing to do with fluctuations in the entire market. Investors can decentralize through investment. To eliminate this part of the risk. Not only that, the market risk is positively related to investment income. Investors bear high market risks to obtain high -adaptable non -market risks and cannot get income compensation. In the theory of Western modern financial asset portfolio, the division of market risks and non -market risks has been widely used. In order to identify the differences in these two risks more clearly, the following table lists the definition, characteristics and risk types of market risks and non -market risks.
The comparison of market risks and non -market risks
market risks non -market risks definition risks that are linked to the entire market fluctuations are unrelated to the entire market fluctuations (1) Caused by common factors; (1) caused by special factors; features (2) affect the benefits of all securities; (2) affect the income of a certain securities; (3) It cannot be resolved by decentralized investment; (3) can be resolved by decentralized investment; (4) is related to the investment income of securities; (4) Risk; Risks (2) Monetary market; corporate risk, etc.; types (3) market price;
How to measure securities investment risk
In terms of definition of risks, the risk of securities investment is the possibility of investors' income and principal suffering in the process of investment. Risk measurement is to accurately calculate the possibility of investors' income and principal suffering. In general, there are three ways to measure the risk of securities investment. The first method is the probability of calculating the investment income of securities lower than its expected income. I assumes that the expected income of a certain securities is 10%, but the probability of investing in the securities to obtain 10%and 10%or more is 30%. Essence This method strictly starts from the definition of risks. When calculating the investment of investors when investing in a certain securities, the probability of investors' century income, that is, the possibility of investor suffering. However, the measurement method has an obvious flaw, that is, many different securities will have the same investment risk. Obviously, if this measurement method is adopted, all yield distribution is symmetrical securities, and its investment risk is equal to 0.50. However, in fact, when investors invest in these securities, there is a big difference between their losses. The second method is the probability of calculating negative returns to calculate securities investment. This method of measuring the loss of investors is only regarded as the loss of principal, and investment risks have become the possibility of negative income. This measurement method is also extremely vague. For example, the probability of a small loss of a securities investment is 50%, and the probability of a high loss of another securities investment is 40%. What kind of investment is greater? When using this measurement method, the risk of the previous investment is higher. However, in the process of investment in actual securities, most investors may think that the risk of the latter investment is higher. The basic reasons for the theoretical and actual deviations are: the measurement method only pays attention to the probability of losses, and the number of losses is ignored. The third method is to calculate the difference between the various possible returns and the expected income of the securities investment, that is, the method of securities income (variance) or standard deviation (). This measurement method has two distinctive characteristics: First, the measurement method not only calculates the probability of securities earnings lower than the probability of expected income, but also calculates the probability of securities earnings higher than the expected income. Second, the measurement method not only calculates the probability of various possible benefits of securities, but also calculates the difference between possible benefits and expected benefits. Compared with the first and second measurement methods, obviously, the variance or standard deviation is a more suitable risk indicator
How to avoid the risk of the stock market . Diversion system risk
has a proverb in the stock market operation: "Don't put the eggs in a basket", this says the philosophy of decentralized risk. One of the methods is the "decentralized investment capital unit". In the late 1960s, some studies found that if the funds were dispersed to several companies' stocks that were selected at will, the total investment risk would be greatly reduced. They found that investing in the "portfolio group" selected at will, and its risk can be about 11.9%, that is, if the funds are diversified to the stocks of many companies, the total investment yield changes, in the case of changes in the investment rate of investment, in the changes in the investment rate of investment. The change will reach 20.5%in 6 months. If you have a cash that is temporarily unused and not large for the time being, and you can withstand your investment may bring losses, then you can choose those stocks that will be highly returned to invest; if you master a large amount The huge cash that is indispensable, then you better take decentralized investment to reduce risks. Even if there are unexpected storms, it will "not bright in the East" and will not "be overwhelmed by the whole army." The second method is "the industry's selection is scattered." Securities investment, especially stock investment, not only decentralized investment in different companies, but also these different companies should not be in the same industry or adjacent industries. The environment will have the same impact on companies in the same industry and neighboring industries. If you choose different enterprises in the same industry or neighboring industries, you will not achieve the purpose of decentralized risks. Only enterprises with different industries and unrelated enterprises may be able to damage the benefits of the same time, so as to effectively disperse risks. The third method is "scattered time". As far as stocks are concerned, as long as the company's profit is profitable, the holders of the stock will regularly receive the dividend and dividend issued by the company. Some companies' development guidelines and plans are divided into dividends in April. And American companies are paying dividends every six months. Generally, after the stock market learned that the company had to pay dividends, the corresponding stock price would change significantly. In the short -term investment, a large number of stocks should be purchased before the Emotion Day. After receiving dividends and other benefits, the stock holds the stock; long -term investors should not buy the stock during this period. Therefore, securities investors should scattered their investment time according to different purposes in order to scattered risks at different stages. The fourth method is "scattered seasons". The price of the stock will be large in the off -peak season of the stock market. As the stock price of the stock market will fall, it will cause additional losses of the stock seller. Similarly, if it is a one -time purchase of a stock in the peak season and off -season during the stock market, the stock market price will turn from a high level to a low level, which will also cause buyers to cause buyers’s. Cost loss. Therefore, without predicting the strong level of stocks, the time of investing or recovering the investment should be stretched, not rushing to inject capital into the stock market or withdraw funds, and uses several months or longer to complete this purchase or more time to complete or complete this purchase or to complete this purchase or more time to complete or complete this purchase or to complete this purchase or to complete this purchase or to complete this purchase or longer. Selling plans to reduce risk.
. Avoiding market risks
The market risk comes from various factors and requires comprehensive avoidance methods. The first is to master the trend. Perform detailed analysis of historical data of changes in each stock price, learn about the laws of cycle changes, and the ability to continue to grow. For example, when the car manufacturing industry is relatively prosperous, its company's profits are guaranteed, and consumers of small cars will be greatly reduced. In this period, it is generally not possible to buy its stock easily. The second is to match cyclical stocks. Some companies are restricted by their own operations. They always stop working and discontinued for a period of time in a year. Most of their stock prices will fall during this time. In order to avoid losses caused by the stock price Stocks that start and stop work are combined to make up for the losses caused by the decline in the stock price. The third is to choose the timing of buying and selling. Based on the historical data of the stock price, the standard error is calculated, and the general standard for buying and selling is based on this. When the stock price is lower than the lower limit of the standard error, you can purchase the stock. When the stock price is higher than the upper limit of the standard error, it is best to be best. Sell the stock at hand. The fourth is to pay attention to the investment period. The business status of enterprises is often a certain periodic. When the economic climate is good, the stock market transactions are active; when the economic climate is not good, the stock market transaction will inevitably wither. Be careful not to use the off -season stock market as a large stock investment period. In Western countries, the stock market is more sensitive to reflecting the economic climate. It is often 6 months before the economic recession, and the stock price has begun to fall. For example, in February 1991, the US economy entered the first six months of a new period of recession. The famous Do Jones Industrial Index has begun to fall, and before the economy began to recover, the stock price has begun to rebound. According to historical data analysis, we can also know that its economic prosperity period is mostly 48 months. Therefore, it is possible to correctly determine the status of the economic situation in the cycle of rise and fall at that time, and grasp the investment period. 3. Preventing operational risks
before buying stocks, we must carefully analyze the relevant investment objects, that is, the financial report of a company or company, study its current business situation and its status in competition and the previous profitability trend Essence If the company that can maintain continuous income growth and the development plan can be practically used as the target of stock investment, and maintaining a certain investment distance with those companies with poor operating conditions or companies, they can better prevent business risks. If you can thoroughly analyze the operating materials of the enterprise or company, it is not moved by the surface phenomenon. It can be seen that its flaws and hidden dangers are seen, and a calm judgment can be completely avoided.
. Avoid purchasing power risks
During the inflation period, it should be paid attention to products with high price increases on the market, and select companies with high profits and capabilities from companies that produce such commodities. When the inflation rate is abnormal, value preservation should be used as the primary factor. If you can buy stocks that keeps value -preserved products (such as gold mining companies, gold and silver manufacturing companies, etc.), you can avoid the purchasing power risk brought by inflation.
5. Avoid interest rate risks
The as much as possible to understand the proportion of its own ingredients in the company's operating funds. When the interest rate increases, it will cause greater difficulties to the enterprises or companies with more loans, thereby causing the stock price and interest rates. The lifts have little impact on companies with less loans and more funds. Therefore, when the interest rate is higher, it is generally necessary to buy less or not buy more corporate stocks. When the interest rate fluctuation changes are elusive, you should buy those stocks of those companies with more funds. R nm
tiffany knock off jewelry wholesale Body, I tell you, if you want to get venture capital depends on whether you have good projects, good profitable projects, good teams. If you really want to introduce venture capital, you must do the following work. First of all, you need to understand the background of the venture capital company and clarify whether the venture capital company in the target understands whether the industry you are engaged in. If they generally do not invest in industries they do not know. Furthermore, have they invested in some companies in this field. These help your preliminary judgment. A preliminary contact with the company and venture capital companies, and after the venture capital company has a certain interest, the company should submit a relatively formal corporate planning book to the venture capital company. It should include the following parts: 1. Profile of Enterprise 2. Analysis of the prospects of the enterprise. A more detailed introduction to the company's own situation and the basic characteristics of the industry is made in more detailed introduction to the decision -making and use of venture capital companies. This part can include the following content: A. Industry introduction B. Enterprise profile C. Market development trend d. Enterprise forecast. (Product sales forecast, income estimation, profit forecast, etc.) E. production conditions F. Technical team G. Supplier situation 3. Management team introduction. This part mainly demonstrates the strength of the management of the enterprise, including the educational background and occupational experience of the main management personnel, and their equity distribution in the company. 4. Investment situation. This part focuses on the use of risk investment plans. a. Suggestions for the use of venture capital. What is the method of returning the application for the application of the application? How much shares and other venture capital conditions are occupied by risky investment companies. B. Plan for the use of venture capital funds C. Risk investment company's future position in the enterprise. How many seats are there in the board of directors of the enterprise? Do you need a high -level supervisor for venture capital companies? 5. Investment returns in venture capital companies, risk investment exit methods, the company finally listed publicly, and the sale is repurchased by entrepreneurs. It needs to be agreed here. It needs to be emphasized that when the risk investment company reviews the application for risk investment, it attaches great importance to the quality of the entrepreneur and the composition of the management team. For entrepreneurial enterprises, human resources are the most important capital to determine the fate of corporate fate. If you want to get overseas venture capital, your management team must be international. So if you are an entrepreneur in the company's planning book, you must focus on the corporate planning book. So what is the object of venture capital? Brother came to tell you, first of all, you have to understand what risk investment is, broadly risk investment refers to all investments with high risk and high potential income; narrow risk investment refers Product investment. According to the definition of the United States National Investment Association, venture capital is a kind of equity capital among the emerging, rapidly developing and rapidly competitive potential companies invested by professional financialists. From the perspective of investment behavior, venture capital is the research and development field of high -tech and products that invest in capital with failed risks. Investment process. From the perspective of operation methods, it refers to the process of investing in risk capital to high -tech enterprises under the management of professional talent management to particularly potential high -tech enterprises. A way of investment. The industrial field of venture capital is mainly high -tech industries. Taking the United States as an example, computers and software accounted for 27%in 1992; followed by the health care industry, which accounted for 17%; again, the communication industry, accounting for 14%; the biotechnology industry accounted for 10%. I hope to help you, at least let you understand the meaning of venture capital.
wholesale natural hair jewelry Risk investment is generally aimed at companies that have been listed, so you have to be prepared. How to get you can go to the investment industry.
diamond jewelry wholesale distributors nc As long as you have a good project, someone naturally finds you, and each venture capital has its own professional direction.
orchid jewelry wholesale 1. Interest rate risk.
This refers to a risk of changes in interest rates and changes in currency supply, which leads to changes in securities demand and leads to changes in securities prices. The interest rate is reduced, and people think that depositing banks is not cost -effective, and they will take out the money to buy securities, resulting in an increase in the number of securities buyers and the increase in securities prices. On the contrary, interest rates are raised, and people think The reduction of prices also declined. In Western developed countries, interest rates have changed frequently, and interest rate risks of decline in stock price declines due to the decline in interest rate declines or increased interest rates caused by interest rate increases. In the following uns developcted countries, interest rates have less changes. Correspondingly, people have a poor awareness and ability to bear this risk. For example, in August and September 1988, the interest rate of banks in my country was raised. For some people who bought bonds, it was because the bonds were higher than the bank's interest rate than the bank. At the time, the interest rate of bonds has decreased compared to bank interest rates, and it cannot be "preserved". Therefore, many bond investors call for banks, issued bond companies, and news media to raise bond interest rates. In fact, this is exactly that they lack investment common sense, and they do not know that buying securities will encounter a reflection of interest rate risks.
2. Price risk.
is also called inflation risk, which refers to a risk of changes in prices affecting the change of securities prices. There are two cases here: one is the changes in the price of some important items (such as electricity, coal, oil, etc.), which affects the cost and income of most products; the other is the change of the price index. Generally speaking, when the price index rises, the currency depreciates, and people will feel that buying bonds suffer, which causes bond prices to decline. The Treasury coupon with a face -to -100 face value when buying the wind in 1988 is thrown out at the price of seven or eighty yuan. influences. However, stocks are a means of preservation. Because of the symbol of corporate assets, corporate assets will also be appreciated when prices rise. Therefore, rising prices often cause stock prices to rise. On the other hand, the rise in prices, especially the price of coal, electricity, and oil, increases the cost of corporate costs. At this time, investment stocks will inevitably have risks. However, in general, prices rise, bond prices fall, and the stock market will flourish.
3. Market risk.
This refers to the risk of changes in securities price changes due to various factors.
The securities market is changing rapidly, which directly affects supply and demand relationships, including turbulence in political situation, tightening monetary supply, government intervention in the financial market, investing in the public's psychological fluctuations, and great speculators. Take the Shanghai stock market, the fatigue falling before June 1991, the shareholders saw that the value of the stock in their hands not only did not increase, but the stocks fell below the ticket, and they had no interest in the stock market. The market continues to fall, and it is unwilling to rush into the market, causing fewer entry and exit. Although listed stocks can not have tens of millions of yuan, it is still too much. After July, under the influence of foreign investors, and the excitement of major projects such as Pudong Development, the Shanghai stock market has greatly changed its psychology, and the stocks of tens of millions of yuan have become great in short supply. For such a cold and cold stock market, it can be said that the vast majority of people are unexpected because there are many accidental accidents that cannot be predicting. In other words, if investors invest in the stock market in June, although the price is very low, they will encounter many unexpected risks. Because of the high risk, the opportunities for profit will be high. Those who invested in June would turn over in October.
4. Enterprise risk.
The refers to the risks caused by factors such as industry competition, market demand, raw material supply, changes in costs, and management. There are generally three corporate risks. The first is business risks. There are factors of a certain product saturation and slow sales in the market, as well as the influence of government industrial policies, which are restricted by a certain industry or industry. For example, in order to prevent pollution, pollution -oriented enterprises may be closed or migrated, or they must spend a lot of costs to improve pollution, causing corporate profits to greatly reduce or even lose money. The second is financial risks, which refers to poor financial status of the enterprise, including improper financial management, poor planning, expansion of negligence, etc., resulting in non -operating losses and capital losses. If a business risk occurs, it can still be adjusted. If you encounter financial risks, sometimes in his accounting report, you will use unrealistic financial data to deceive shareholders and mislead investors. When it comes to the benefit, it seems that when the company's profit is greatly increased, it needs to attract special attention. This is likely to be an illusion that investors must be treated with caution.
. Investment risk can be divided into social public risks and individual risks according to the scope of risk impact. risk. Similarly, the risks caused by the subjective factors of investors themselves are also a list of individual risks, including blindly following the trend, unnecessary panic, insatiable greed, misunderstanding the situation, missing timing of buying and selling, obsessed with the stock market like gamblers, and so on. Among them, blindly follow the trend and insatience to put investors in two common risks.
Blords to follow the trend often associate with unnecessary panic and become a victim of the big speculators to manipulate the stock market. Some large speculators often use market psychology to stir up the stock market and raise the stock price, so that ordinary investors think that it is profitable, and chase it up. With a sharp pull, general investors did not know, and under the psychology of fear, they had to follow up blindly. This kind of ups and downs, which is promoted by blindly following the trend, often make investors fall dizzy, while speculators get great profits from them.
The greed is linked to gambling psychology. After profitable in the stock market, most of them will be fainted by victory, and frequently injects it like a gambling stick until they lose the light. Conversely, if they lose in the stock market, they often fight against the water and throw all the funds on the stock, and throw it alone. There is no doubt that this kind of person is mostly endless.
The category of securities investment risks
The investment risk refers to the possibility of loss or damage. As far as securities investment is concerned, risk is the possibility of investors' income and principal suffering.
From the perspective of risk definition, there are two main types of securities investment risks: one is the loss of the income and principal of investors; loss.
In various cases, investors' income and principal may suffer losses. For stock holders, when the issuing company suffers from losing money due to poor management, or when the expected investment effect is not obtained, investors holding the company's shares will be reduced. Investors did not get any dividends at all; after the investor purchased a company's stock, due to the influence of some political or economic factors, most investors held a pessimistic attitude towards the company’s future prospects. At this time, at this time, at this time, at this time, at this time Due to a large amount of selling, the company's stock price fell straight, and investors had to get off at a low price. In this way, investors bought at high prices and sold at low prices, so the principal suffered losses. For bond investors, bond issuers have determined the interest of the bonds when they sell bonds and promised to pay the principal and interest. However, not all bond issuers can perform their debts in accordance with the prescribed procedures. Once the debt issuer falls into a financial dilemma or is not good at operating, it cannot pay interest and repay the principal according to regulations, and even completely disabled the ability of investors, the investor's income and principal will inevitably suffer losses.
The investor's income and principal purchase power loss mainly comes from inflation. When prices rose sharply and inflation occurred, although the nominal income and principal of investors remain unchanged, or have risen, as long It will decline, and inflation erodes the actual income of investors.
In the root cause of risks, securities investment risks can be divided into corporate risks, currency market risks, market price risks and purchasing power risks.
It, from the perspective of the relationship between risks and income, securities investment risks can be divided into two types: market risk (also known as system risk) and non-market risks (NON-, also known as non-system risk).
The market risk
This refers to the risk of fluctuations in the entire market. It is a change in securities income caused by factors affecting all kinds of securities prices. Economic, political, interest rates, inflation, etc. are all causes of market risks. Market risks include purchasing power risks, market price risks and currency markets.
Non -market risks
The risk of fluctuations in the entire market. It is the risk unique to a certain enterprise or an industry. For example, the impact of management capabilities, labor issues, and changes in consumer preferences on securities income. Non -market risks include corporate risks.
The industries with high market risks, such as basic industries, raw material industries, etc., their sales, profits and securities prices are related to economic activities and securities market conditions. Industries with high non -market risks are industries that produce non -durable consumer goods, such as public utilities, communications industries and food industries.
It because market risks are linked to the entire market's fluctuations, no matter how investors decentralize investment funds, they cannot eliminate and avoid this part of the risk; non -market risks have nothing to do with fluctuations in the entire market. Investors can decentralize through investment. To eliminate this part of the risk. Not only that, the market risk is positively related to investment income. Investors bear high market risks to obtain high -adaptable non -market risks and cannot get income compensation.
In the theory of Western modern financial asset portfolio, the division of market risks and non -market risks has been widely used. In order to identify the differences in these two risks more clearly, the following table lists the definition, characteristics and risk types of market risks and non -market risks.
The comparison of market risks and non -market risks
market risks non -market risks
definition risks that are linked to the entire market fluctuations are unrelated to the entire market fluctuations
(1) Caused by common factors; (1) caused by special factors;
features (2) affect the benefits of all securities; (2) affect the income of a certain securities;
(3) It cannot be resolved by decentralized investment; (3) can be resolved by decentralized investment;
(4) is related to the investment income of securities; (4) Risk;
Risks (2) Monetary market; corporate risk, etc.;
types (3) market price;
How to measure securities investment risk
In terms of definition of risks, the risk of securities investment is the possibility of investors' income and principal suffering in the process of investment. Risk measurement is to accurately calculate the possibility of investors' income and principal suffering.
In general, there are three ways to measure the risk of securities investment.
The first method is the probability of calculating the investment income of securities lower than its expected income.
I assumes that the expected income of a certain securities is 10%, but the probability of investing in the securities to obtain 10%and 10%or more is 30%. Essence
This method strictly starts from the definition of risks. When calculating the investment of investors when investing in a certain securities, the probability of investors' century income, that is, the possibility of investor suffering. However, the measurement method has an obvious flaw, that is, many different securities will have the same investment risk. Obviously, if this measurement method is adopted, all yield distribution is symmetrical securities, and its investment risk is equal to 0.50. However, in fact, when investors invest in these securities, there is a big difference between their losses.
The second method is the probability of calculating negative returns to calculate securities investment.
This method of measuring the loss of investors is only regarded as the loss of principal, and investment risks have become the possibility of negative income. This measurement method is also extremely vague. For example, the probability of a small loss of a securities investment is 50%, and the probability of a high loss of another securities investment is 40%. What kind of investment is greater? When using this measurement method, the risk of the previous investment is higher. However, in the process of investment in actual securities, most investors may think that the risk of the latter investment is higher. The basic reasons for the theoretical and actual deviations are: the measurement method only pays attention to the probability of losses, and the number of losses is ignored.
The third method is to calculate the difference between the various possible returns and the expected income of the securities investment, that is, the method of securities income (variance) or standard deviation (). This measurement method has two distinctive characteristics: First, the measurement method not only calculates the probability of securities earnings lower than the probability of expected income, but also calculates the probability of securities earnings higher than the expected income. Second, the measurement method not only calculates the probability of various possible benefits of securities, but also calculates the difference between possible benefits and expected benefits. Compared with the first and second measurement methods, obviously, the variance or standard deviation is a more suitable risk indicator
How to avoid the risk of the stock market
. Diversion system risk
has a proverb in the stock market operation: "Don't put the eggs in a basket", this says the philosophy of decentralized risk. One of the methods is the "decentralized investment capital unit". In the late 1960s, some studies found that if the funds were dispersed to several companies' stocks that were selected at will, the total investment risk would be greatly reduced. They found that investing in the "portfolio group" selected at will, and its risk can be about 11.9%, that is, if the funds are diversified to the stocks of many companies, the total investment yield changes, in the case of changes in the investment rate of investment, in the changes in the investment rate of investment. The change will reach 20.5%in 6 months. If you have a cash that is temporarily unused and not large for the time being, and you can withstand your investment may bring losses, then you can choose those stocks that will be highly returned to invest; if you master a large amount The huge cash that is indispensable, then you better take decentralized investment to reduce risks. Even if there are unexpected storms, it will "not bright in the East" and will not "be overwhelmed by the whole army." The second method is "the industry's selection is scattered." Securities investment, especially stock investment, not only decentralized investment in different companies, but also these different companies should not be in the same industry or adjacent industries. The environment will have the same impact on companies in the same industry and neighboring industries. If you choose different enterprises in the same industry or neighboring industries, you will not achieve the purpose of decentralized risks. Only enterprises with different industries and unrelated enterprises may be able to damage the benefits of the same time, so as to effectively disperse risks. The third method is "scattered time". As far as stocks are concerned, as long as the company's profit is profitable, the holders of the stock will regularly receive the dividend and dividend issued by the company. Some companies' development guidelines and plans are divided into dividends in April. And American companies are paying dividends every six months. Generally, after the stock market learned that the company had to pay dividends, the corresponding stock price would change significantly. In the short -term investment, a large number of stocks should be purchased before the Emotion Day. After receiving dividends and other benefits, the stock holds the stock; long -term investors should not buy the stock during this period. Therefore, securities investors should scattered their investment time according to different purposes in order to scattered risks at different stages. The fourth method is "scattered seasons". The price of the stock will be large in the off -peak season of the stock market. As the stock price of the stock market will fall, it will cause additional losses of the stock seller. Similarly, if it is a one -time purchase of a stock in the peak season and off -season during the stock market, the stock market price will turn from a high level to a low level, which will also cause buyers to cause buyers’s. Cost loss. Therefore, without predicting the strong level of stocks, the time of investing or recovering the investment should be stretched, not rushing to inject capital into the stock market or withdraw funds, and uses several months or longer to complete this purchase or more time to complete or complete this purchase or to complete this purchase or more time to complete or complete this purchase or to complete this purchase or to complete this purchase or to complete this purchase or longer. Selling plans to reduce risk.
. Avoiding market risks
The market risk comes from various factors and requires comprehensive avoidance methods. The first is to master the trend. Perform detailed analysis of historical data of changes in each stock price, learn about the laws of cycle changes, and the ability to continue to grow. For example, when the car manufacturing industry is relatively prosperous, its company's profits are guaranteed, and consumers of small cars will be greatly reduced. In this period, it is generally not possible to buy its stock easily. The second is to match cyclical stocks. Some companies are restricted by their own operations. They always stop working and discontinued for a period of time in a year. Most of their stock prices will fall during this time. In order to avoid losses caused by the stock price Stocks that start and stop work are combined to make up for the losses caused by the decline in the stock price. The third is to choose the timing of buying and selling. Based on the historical data of the stock price, the standard error is calculated, and the general standard for buying and selling is based on this. When the stock price is lower than the lower limit of the standard error, you can purchase the stock. When the stock price is higher than the upper limit of the standard error, it is best to be best. Sell the stock at hand. The fourth is to pay attention to the investment period. The business status of enterprises is often a certain periodic. When the economic climate is good, the stock market transactions are active; when the economic climate is not good, the stock market transaction will inevitably wither. Be careful not to use the off -season stock market as a large stock investment period. In Western countries, the stock market is more sensitive to reflecting the economic climate. It is often 6 months before the economic recession, and the stock price has begun to fall. For example, in February 1991, the US economy entered the first six months of a new period of recession. The famous Do Jones Industrial Index has begun to fall, and before the economy began to recover, the stock price has begun to rebound. According to historical data analysis, we can also know that its economic prosperity period is mostly 48 months. Therefore, it is possible to correctly determine the status of the economic situation in the cycle of rise and fall at that time, and grasp the investment period.
3. Preventing operational risks
before buying stocks, we must carefully analyze the relevant investment objects, that is, the financial report of a company or company, study its current business situation and its status in competition and the previous profitability trend Essence If the company that can maintain continuous income growth and the development plan can be practically used as the target of stock investment, and maintaining a certain investment distance with those companies with poor operating conditions or companies, they can better prevent business risks. If you can thoroughly analyze the operating materials of the enterprise or company, it is not moved by the surface phenomenon. It can be seen that its flaws and hidden dangers are seen, and a calm judgment can be completely avoided.
. Avoid purchasing power risks
During the inflation period, it should be paid attention to products with high price increases on the market, and select companies with high profits and capabilities from companies that produce such commodities. When the inflation rate is abnormal, value preservation should be used as the primary factor. If you can buy stocks that keeps value -preserved products (such as gold mining companies, gold and silver manufacturing companies, etc.), you can avoid the purchasing power risk brought by inflation.
5. Avoid interest rate risks
The as much as possible to understand the proportion of its own ingredients in the company's operating funds. When the interest rate increases, it will cause greater difficulties to the enterprises or companies with more loans, thereby causing the stock price and interest rates. The lifts have little impact on companies with less loans and more funds. Therefore, when the interest rate is higher, it is generally necessary to buy less or not buy more corporate stocks. When the interest rate fluctuation changes are elusive, you should buy those stocks of those companies with more funds. R nm
tiffany knock off jewelry wholesale Body, I tell you, if you want to get venture capital depends on whether you have good projects, good profitable projects, good teams. If you really want to introduce venture capital, you must do the following work.
First of all, you need to understand the background of the venture capital company and clarify whether the venture capital company in the target understands whether the industry you are engaged in. If they generally do not invest in industries they do not know. Furthermore, have they invested in some companies in this field. These help your preliminary judgment.
A preliminary contact with the company and venture capital companies, and after the venture capital company has a certain interest, the company should submit a relatively formal corporate planning book to the venture capital company. It should include the following parts:
1. Profile of Enterprise
2. Analysis of the prospects of the enterprise. A more detailed introduction to the company's own situation and the basic characteristics of the industry is made in more detailed introduction to the decision -making and use of venture capital companies. This part can include the following content:
A. Industry introduction
B. Enterprise profile
C. Market development trend
d. Enterprise forecast. (Product sales forecast, income estimation, profit forecast, etc.)
E. production conditions
F. Technical team
G. Supplier situation
3. Management team introduction. This part mainly demonstrates the strength of the management of the enterprise, including the educational background and occupational experience of the main management personnel, and their equity distribution in the company.
4. Investment situation. This part focuses on the use of risk investment plans.
a. Suggestions for the use of venture capital. What is the method of returning the application for the application of the application? How much shares and other venture capital conditions are occupied by risky investment companies.
B. Plan for the use of venture capital funds
C. Risk investment company's future position in the enterprise. How many seats are there in the board of directors of the enterprise? Do you need a high -level supervisor for venture capital companies?
5. Investment returns in venture capital companies, risk investment exit methods, the company finally listed publicly, and the sale is repurchased by entrepreneurs. It needs to be agreed here.
It needs to be emphasized that when the risk investment company reviews the application for risk investment, it attaches great importance to the quality of the entrepreneur and the composition of the management team. For entrepreneurial enterprises, human resources are the most important capital to determine the fate of corporate fate. If you want to get overseas venture capital, your management team must be international. So if you are an entrepreneur in the company's planning book, you must focus on the corporate planning book.
So what is the object of venture capital? Brother came to tell you, first of all, you have to understand what risk investment is, broadly risk investment refers to all investments with high risk and high potential income; narrow risk investment refers Product investment. According to the definition of the United States National Investment Association, venture capital is a kind of equity capital among the emerging, rapidly developing and rapidly competitive potential companies invested by professional financialists. From the perspective of investment behavior, venture capital is the research and development field of high -tech and products that invest in capital with failed risks. Investment process. From the perspective of operation methods, it refers to the process of investing in risk capital to high -tech enterprises under the management of professional talent management to particularly potential high -tech enterprises. A way of investment. The industrial field of venture capital is mainly high -tech industries. Taking the United States as an example, computers and software accounted for 27%in 1992; followed by the health care industry, which accounted for 17%; again, the communication industry, accounting for 14%; the biotechnology industry accounted for 10%. I hope to help you, at least let you understand the meaning of venture capital.
wholesale natural hair jewelry Risk investment is generally aimed at companies that have been listed, so you have to be prepared. How to get you can go to the investment industry.
diamond jewelry wholesale distributors nc As long as you have a good project, someone naturally finds you, and each venture capital has its own professional direction.