4 thoughts on “boss jewelry wholesale The story of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang”
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wholesale jewelry fashion Mogao Grottoes Dunhuang CAVES Mogao Grottoes belong to the national key cultural relics protection units, commonly known as Qianfo Cave, known as the most valuable cultural discovery of the 20th century, and "Oriental Louvre". Makes and statues are famous for the world. It was built in the former Qin Dynasty of the Sixteen Kingdoms. After the construction of the 16th countries, the Northern Dynasties, the Sui, Tang, Fifth Dynasties, Xixia, Yuan and other generations, a huge scale was formed. There are 735 caves. Mud color plastic 2415 is the largest and most rich Buddhist art sacred place in the world. Since modern times, there have been Tibetan Scriptures, with more than 50,000 ancient cultural relics. From this, Dunhuang Studies, which derives the disciplines of Tibetan scriptures and Dunhuang art. However, in modern times, Mogao Grottoes have been deceived, theft, and a large amount of cultural relics have been lost, and their treasures have been severely damaged. In 1961, Mogao Grotto was announced as one of the first national key cultural relics protection units. In 1987, Mogao Grottoes were listed as a World Cultural Heritage. It is one of the four major caves in China. The only part of the scriptures are now displayed in the Forbidden City of Beijing. It Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are the general names of the Mogao Grottoes and West Thousand Buddha Caves in Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. They are one of the four major grottoes in my country. Great, preserved the best treasure trove of Buddhism. Mogen cave is located 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, excavated on the cliff on the eastern foot of Mingsha. It is about 1,600 meters long in the north and south. The upper and lower layers are arranged on the upper and lower layers. It is the most existing and most abundant classic culture and art treasure house in my country. It is also a world -famous Buddhist art center. In December 1987, it was listed as a World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. The former Qin Fu Jianjian's second year of the Yuan (AD 366), there was a Saimen Le of the Salmon. Seeing that there were thousands of Buddhas on the Mingsha Mountain, there were thousands of Buddhas, so the heart of germination was germinated. Suchi Buddhist Holy Land, named Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, commonly known as Qianfo Cave. Magon cave, although it was attacked by nature and artificial destruction in the long years, so far there are ten from the sixteen countries, the Northern Wei, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou, the Sui, the Five Dynasties, the Song, the Xixia, and the Yuan Dynasty. There are 492 holes in a dynasty, with more than 45,000 square meters of murals, and two thousand statues. It is the greatest treasure house in the world's existing Buddhist art. If the murals are arranged, it can stretch more than 30 kilometers, which is the longest, largest, and most abundant gallery in the world. In recent decades, at home and abroad, he has been interested in Dunhuang art and continuously studied it, forming a special discipline "Dunhuang Studies". Mogen cave is an art palace combined with ancient buildings, sculptures, and murals. It is especially known for its colorful murals. The abundant capacity and content of Dunhuang murals are comparable to any religious grottoes, temples or palaces in the world today. Looking around the caves and the top of the cave, Buddha statues, flying, hi music, fairy, etc. are painted everywhere. There are Buddhist scriptures paintings, sutra paintings, and Buddhist historical paintings, weird paintings and supported portraits, and various exquisite decorative patterns. The sculpture of Mogao Grottoes has been famous for a long time. There are 33 meters of sitting statue and a small bodhisattva of more than ten centimeters. Most of the caves are stored with statues, and there are a large number of large sculptures. Mogen cave is a great art palace, a image of encyclopedia. Mogao Grottoes was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council in 1961; in 1987, it was included in the World Cultural Heritage Protection Project by the United Nations Science and Education and Literature Organization, and was awarded the "World Cultural Heritage" certificate in 1991. The evaluation of Mogao Grottoes for foreign tourists is: "Looking at the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, it is equivalent to seeing the ancient civilization of the world." "Mogao Grottoes It is the longest, largest, and most abundant gallery in the world. " " It is the greatest treasure house in the world's existing Buddhist art. " The Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang was founded in 366 AD. During the 1,500 years of the Qing Dynasty, more than 480 caves were built on the upper wall of the long Mingsha Mountain in the three -way to the three kilalsis. It is full of colorful Buddha statues and murals based on Buddhist stories. The colorful Buddha statues have a total of more than 2,000 body, the largest one as high as 33 meters. The skills of murals are superb and amazing. If one party connects, it can be arranged into a gallery of more than fifty miles. In addition, in a closed stone room, a large number of ancient scriptures, documents, scrolls, etc. were found with high value. about 25 kilometers from the urban area to Mogao Grottoes, and the car is driving for about 25 minutes. The Mogao Cave Valley is called a thousand Buddha caves. This does not refer to a thousand Buddhas or one thousand caves. The language of Buddha refers to many Buddhas and caves. In my country, there are four major grottoes, Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang in Henan, Maijishan Grottoes in Tianshui, Gansu, and Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang. The first reason is that the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes was earlier, and there is a history of 1643 to date. The sculpture, the murals are very exquisite, the current color plastic is 2499, and the mural is 45,000 square meters. Some people say that Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are both a large sculpture hall and a Buddhist art gallery. In the inscriptions of Mogao Grottoes, in 366 AD, a monk named Lezun went to the foot of Mingsha Shanshan. Suddenly, he saw the golden light on the top of the mountain, as if there were millions of Buddhas flickering in the golden light, and it seemed that Xiangyin was dancing in the golden light. It is the Buddha Guang's appearance, which is the sacred place of the Buddha. So Lezun worshiped, determined to worship the Buddha here, and invited the craftsmen to excavate the first cave on the cliff. Since then, the disciples of Buddhism, the nobles of the palace, and the people of Shang Jia, and the good men and women have come here to donate to the cave. In the long history of more than a thousand years to the 14th century, the worshipers are endless. [Edit this paragraph] Overview of the revolution Mogao Grottoes is located on the cliff at the east foothills of Mingsha Shanshan, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, China. 50 meters high. The distribution of the caves is scattered and row, and there are at most five layers up and down. It was founded during the sixteenth Kingdom period. According to Tang's "Li Ke's Rebuilding Mogao Grottoes", in the second year of the Qin Dynasty (366 years), the monk Leyi Road passed the mountain and suddenly saw the golden light shining. So he excavated the first cave on the rock wall. Since then, Master Farary and others have continued to build a hole here. Later generations were universal because of "Mo" and "Mo", and they were renamed "Mogao Grottoes". During the Northern Wei, Western Wei Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the ruler worshiped Buddhism, and the grottoes were supported by the princes and nobles, and developed rapidly. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, with the prosperity of the Silk Road, Mogao Grottoes were flourishing, and there were more than a thousand caves in Wu Zetian. After the Anshi Rebellion, Dunhuang was occupied by Tubo and the Return Army, but the statue activities were not much affected. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Xixia, and Yuan Dynasty, Mogao Grottoes gradually declined. After the Yuan Dynasty, with the abandonment of the Silk Road, Mogao Grottoes also stopped building and gradually disappeared into the world's vision. It was not until the forty years of Kangxi (1701) in the Qing Dynasty that it made people pay attention here. 735 caves from the Northern Wei Dynasty to Yuan, which are divided into north and south areas. The southern district is the main body of Mogao Grottoes. It is a place for monks to engage in religious activities. There are 487 caves, all of which have murals or statues. There are 248 caves in the North District, only 5 of them have murals or statues, and the others are monks practice, living, and buried places after death. There are daily living facilities such as soil, stove, flue, niches, and table lamps. There are 492 caves in the two districts that have murals and statues, including 45,000 square meters of murals, five mud color plastic 2415, 5 eaves of the eaves of the Tang and Song dynasties, and thousands of lotus pillar stones, paving tiles, etc. ◎ The World Heritage Committee evaluation Mo Gao Cave is a strategic point for the Silk Road. It is not only a transit station for Eastern and Western trade, but also the intersection of religion, culture and knowledge. The 492 small grottoes and cave temples of Mogao Grottoes are famous for their statues and murals, showing the art of Buddhism for thousands of years. ◎ Mogao Grottoes, also known as "Thousand Buddha Caves", "Qian" means more. It is located on the cliff wall of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, western China. Here, there is sufficient sunshine, dry and rainy, and clear seasons, and the temperature difference between day and night is large. The cave is more than 1,600 meters from north to south, with five floors up and down, and the highest place is 50 meters. There are 492 existing caves, which are available for visiting 10 caves, more than 45,000 square meters of murals, 2,415 in color plastic, and more than 4,000 flying statues. The Mogao Grottoes are large in scale, rich in content, and have a long history. They are also known as the "three major caves art treasure houses" in China. Mogao Grottoes were originally excavated in the second year of Qin Jianyuan (AD 366), and basically ended to the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD). After nearly a thousand consecutive years, Mogao Grottoes became the buildings, stone carvings, and stone carvings. Crystal murals and color plastic art are the most large scale in the world, the most abundant content, and the oldest Buddhist art treasure house. These art treasures not only reflect the religious and social life of China during the medieval period of China, but also show the outstanding wisdom and extraordinary achievements of the working people. In 1900, the "Tibetan Scripture Cave" was discovered by chance in Mogao Grottoes, and there were five or 60,000 artifacts from the fourteen centuries of the cave from the fourth century to the fourteenth century. This was a major discovery in Chinese archeology in the early 20th century, which shocked the world. Since then, the famous "Dunhuang Xue" has been developed. After nearly a century of research, Dunhuang studied not only achieved remarkable results in academic, art, and culture, but also showed the world the beauty of Dunhuang art, the richness of culture, and the wisdom of ancient Chinese labor people. ◎ Cultural Heritage Dunhuang Grottoes art is a three -dimensional art that integrates architecture, sculpture, and painting. Ancient artists have absorbed and melted foreign expression methods on the basis of inheriting the fine traditions of the Han nation and the Western Regions. It has developed Buddhist artworks with local customs with local characteristics of Dunhuang, providing precious information for the study of ancient Chinese politics, economy, culture, religion, ethnic relations, and friendship between Chinese and foreign. It is a treasure of human cultural treasures and spiritual wealth. 492 paintings, colorful plastic are stored in more than 500 caves in architectural art, including Zen cave, temple cave, tower temple cave, dome roof cave, "shadow cave" and other pagodas. The largest cave type is more than 40 meters high and 30 meters wide. From the center tower column -style cave type retained in the early grotto, it reflects the digestion and absorption of ancient artists while accepting foreign art, making it a national form of our country. Many of them are masterpieces of existing ancient buildings. The color plastic art color plastic is the main body of Dunhuang art, including Buddha statues, bodhisattva statues, disciples, and heaven, King Kong, Lux, God, etc. Color plastic forms are rich in color, including round plastic, floating plastic, shadow plastic, good karma and so on. The maximum is 34.5 meters, and the minimum is only 2 cm (the statue of the mud and wood stones). 17 Portrait plastic plastic in Hexi in the Tang Dynasty, and the statue with a rod with a rod, etc., combined the statue and murals, is one of the earliest realities in my country, with high historical and artistic value. The murals of mural art grottoes are colorful and colorful, all kinds of Buddhist scriptures, mountains and rivers, pavilions and other architectural paintings, landscape paintings, flower patterns, flying Buddha statues, and various scenes produced by the working people at that time. The artistic style and historical changes from the Six Kingdoms to the Qing Dynasty for more than 1500 years. In a large number of mural art, it can also be found that on the basis of nationalization, ancient artists have absorbed the heads of ancient art in Iran, India, Greece and other countries, and are the symbol of the developed civilization of the Chinese nation. The murals of various dynasties show different painting styles, reflecting the political, economic and cultural conditions of the feudal society in my country. It is a glorious chapter in the history of ancient Chinese art, providing precious image historical materials for ancient Chinese history research. The 26 years of Guangxu (AD 1900), Dunhuang Arts was found in the hidden room in the hidden room in the north wall of the 16th. The remaining part. In addition to Chinese writing, the documents are written, Lu Teen, Luwen, Bonewen, Tubo, Sanskrit, Tibetan texts and other ethnic groups of various ethnic groups account for about one -sixth. The content of the documents includes the religious documents of the teachings of Buddhism, Dao, etc., literary works, contracts, account books, official document letters, etc. The discovery of Dunhuang art, in Chinese and foreign, has an extremely important research value for the remedies and collation of ancient Chinese literature. [Edit this paragraph] Artistic characteristics Magogian cave is a large -scale cave temple with fusion of painting, sculpture and architectural art. Its cave shapes are mainly Zen caves, central tower columns, temple caves, central Buddhist altar caves, four walls and three caves, large statue caves, nirvana caves, etc. The size of each cave is far from the size, the largest 268 square meter, the smallest cave 37 is high. There are original wooden temples outside the cave, and there are corridors and boardwalks. Magon cave paintings are painted in the four walls, caves, and Buddhist altars of the cave. The content is extensive and profound. There are also many paintings that show all aspects of social life such as hunting, farming, textiles, transportation, war, war, construction, dance, marriage, and marriage. Some of these paintings are magnificent, and some are bright and magnificent, reflecting the artistic style and characteristics of different periods. Most of the paintings of the five generations of Chinese five generations have been lost. Mogao Grottoes murals provide important physical objects for the study of Chinese art history, and also provide a very valuable image and pattern for studying ancient Chinese customs. According to calculations, if these murals are arranged at 2 meters high, galleries can grow up to 25 kilometers. The soil in the cliffs where Mogao Grottoes are relatively soft and are not suitable for stone carvings. Therefore, the statues of Mogao Grottoes except the four big Buddhas are stone tire clay sculptures, and the rest are wooden bone clay sculptures. The statues are Buddhist and Buddhas, and have a variety of combinations such as single statues and groups. The group statues are generally in the middle of the Buddha. The disciples and bodhisattvas are served on both sides. Color plastic forms include round plastic, floating plastic, shadow plastic, good karma and so on. These statues are exquisite and realistic, imaginative, highly accomplished, and combine with murals, complement each other. It is a nine -layer covered eaves, also known as "Beida Portrait", which is in the middle of the cliff cave. Its wood structure is earth -red, the eaves are pecking, the outline is wrong, and the eaves are bells, and the wind sounds. In the meantime, the Maitreya Buddha statue, 35.6 meters high, was painted by stone tire clay sculptures. It is the third largest Buddha in China after Leshan Great Buddha and Rongxian Great Buddha. The lower part of the large Buddha's space is large and the upper part is small, and the plane is square. Two channels outside the building are available for watching the Great Buddha nearby, but also the source of light on the head and waist of the big Buddha. The cave eaves had existed before the first year of Tang Wende (888). At that time, it was 5 floors. The four years of the Northern Song Dynasty (966) and the Qing Dynasty were rebuilt and changed to 4 floors. Rebuild again in 1935 to form the current 9 -layer shape. In the murals of Mogao Grottoes, the beautiful flying sky can be seen everywhere -the city sculpture of Dunhuang City is also the image of a flying fairy that rebounds the pipa. Feitian is the god who serves the Buddha and Emperor Shitian, and can sing and dance. Above the wall, Feitian danced in the boundless universe, and some held the lotus buds and rushed straight to the clouds; some dived from the air, and the pioneering meteor; Then follow the wind, leisurely. The painter's unique winding long line and stretching and harmonious interest are presented to people a beautiful and ethereal imagination world. It color, flying lines, in these northwestern artists' warm and emotional depiction of the ideal kingdom of heaven, we seem to feel the inexhaustible passion for their ride on the desert wasteland. Perhaps this is exactly this kind of Passion, only the show of imagination in the mural! [Edit this paragraph] The evolution of style 492 caves with murals and sculptures in Mogao Grottoes can be divided into four periods: the Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties, five generations and Song, Xixia and Yuan. 36 caves were excavated during the Northern Dynasties. Among them, the earliest time of Cave 268, Cave 272, and Cave 275 may be built in the Beiliang period. The shape of the cave is mainly Zen cave, central tower pillar cave and temple cave. Color plastic has two types: round plastic and shadow plastic. The content of the murals includes Buddha statues, Buddhist scriptures, monsters, and supporters. During this period, the shafts were mainly flying, supporting the bodhisattva and thousands of Buddhas. The round plastic was originally a combination of one Buddha and two bodhisattvas, and later added two disciples. The statue character is healthy, with a dignified and quiet expression, and the style is simple and thick. In the early stage of the murals, the color of the earth red is the background color, and then the color is colorful, green, green, and white. The color is warm and heavy, the lines are simple and thick, the character image is straight, and the characteristics of Buddhism in the western region are characterized. After the Western Wei Dynasty, the background color was mostly white, the color tone tended to be elegant, the style was free, and the style of the Central Plains had the style. Typical caves include Cave 249, Cave 259, Cave 285, Cave 428, etc. For example, the statue of Shimuni in the Northern Wei Dynasty of the 243 Grotto, sitting rashly, obliquely squeezed the Indian puppets, and flat -shaped round buns on the top of the head, retaining the style of the Panto. The Sui and Tang dynasties are the heyday of the development of Mogao Grottoes, and there are more than 300 existing caves. During this period, the Zen cave and the central tower pillar cave gradually disappeared, and at the same time, a large number of places appeared in the form of palace caves, Buddhist altar caves, four walls, three caves, and large portraits. Among them, the number of temple caves was the largest. The statues are round plastic, the shape is strong and plump, the style is more centralized, and the tall statues that the previous generations have not appeared. The group portraits are mostly seven or nine. The Sui Dynasty was mainly a Buddha, the second disciple, the second bodhisattva, or the four bodhisattva. Essence During this period, Mogao Cave murals were rich in themes, magnificent scenes, magnificent colors, and artistic skills reached an unprecedented level. Such as the style of the statue of Cave 79 in the Middle Tang Dynasty. The upper body is exposed, and the half -knee -sitting style. The two snail round hair buns closed on their heads are the hair styles of civilians in the Tang Dynasty. The muscles of the face and limbs are round, with powder color, white skin, and the expression is easy to warm. Although there is still an Indian red hemorrhoids in the eyebrows, it is more like a real person in life. There is also in Cave 159, and it is also a threat to the Bodhisattva. A naked upper body, obliquely, lifted his right hand, sagged his left hand, his head leaned slightly to the right, his upper body was leaning, and his crotch moved to the right. The movement coordinated, which not only kept balanced, but also revealed the feminine beautiful figure. Another bodhisattva is covered with clothes, and several layers of inside and outside are clearly exposed to the body structure. The folds are fluent, the color is gorgeous, the configuration is coordinated, the body is slender, and the proportion is appropriate. The five generations and the Song Dynasty caves have more than 100 caves, most of which are reconstructed and re -painted former dynasty caves. The shapes are mainly Buddhist altars and palace caves. From the late Tang Dynasty to the fifth generation, the Zhang and Cao family who ruled the Dunhuang believed in Buddhism, and they contributed a lot of capital to Mogao Grottoes. Therefore, the portrait portraits appeared in large quantities at this stage and were rich in content. Both the statues and murals follow the style of the late Tang Dynasty, but the more they get in the later period, the more formulating its form, and the level of art techniques has also decreased. During this period, the typical caves include Cave 61 and Cave 98. Among them, the map of Cave 61 is the largest mural of the Mogao Grotto, 5 meters high and 13.5 meters long. The shape of the city, the temple of the city, the pavilion and the pavilion, etc., are macro. 85 caves in the west of Mogao Grottoes are existing in Xixia and Yuan Dynasty. There are 77 Xixia Caves, most of which are the former dynasty caves that are renovated and repaired. The cave shape and mural sculpture basically follow the style of the former dynasty. The image of the king of king back in the middle of the Xixia may be related to the returning people. In the late Xixia period, the content of Tibetan tantra appeared in the murals. There are only 8 caves in the Yuan Dynasty, all of which are newly excavated. The shape of a circular Buddhist altar in the square cave appears. The murals and sculptures are basically related to Tibetan Tantra. Typical caves include Cave 3, Cave 61, and Cave 465. [Edit this paragraph] Main buildings Caves: 735 existing caves, including murals, colorful plastic and other cultural relics Nine -story floor: Cave number No. 96, only when it was built, only available at the time of construction. The four floors, the latter five floors were later built. There is a big Buddha in the world. Cave Exhibition Hall: It is located opposite the ticket office, displaying the export cultural relics of Mogao Grottoes and several caves reproduced by experts at a ratio of 1: 1. The Tibetan Scripture Cave: In 1900, the Taoist priest who lived in Mogao Grottoes Wang Yuanzheng made large -scale cleaning in order to convert some of the long -abandoned caves into Taoist outlook. When he cleared the sand for the 16th (currently number), he accidentally found a small door on the wall of the north side of the road. For Cave 17), there are more than 50,000 artifacts such as paper painting, silk painting, embroidery and other cultural relics from the 4th century to the 11th century (that is, the sixteen kingdoms to the Northern Song Dynasty). This is the famous "Tibetan Scripture Cave". The inner walls of the Tibetan Sutra Tibetan Caves are painted, Bodhi trees, bhikkhuni and other images. There is a Zen bed -style low altar. It plasticizes a monk with a monk's sits. Another stone monument seems to be unsuccessful. Judging from the documents unearthed in the cave, the latest writing in the Northern Song Dynasty and did not see the West Xia text. closed. It is a party, a call. It deified humanity, put into shape, and uses the shape to trigger human nature. Therefore, it became a colorful dream, a holy precipitation, and a permanent longing in the hearts of the nation. It is a kind of carnival, a release. In its arms, the gods are blended with time and space, so it makes people walk into myths, fables, and the neon of the cosmic consciousness. Here, carnival is a natural order, release is a talent, and the kingdom of art is the palace of freedom.
paparazzi jewelry wholesale prices After finding the Tibetan Scripture Cave, the priests first picked up a few things that they thought of their own valuables and gave it to Wang Zonghan, Zhixian County, Dunhuang. He asked him to identify and hoped to change some money. After all, Wang had some knowledge about antiquities, so he asked some documents and scriptures as "gifts" for officials. In 1902, Ye Changchi, a person in Suzhou, became the Gansu school. Wang Zhixian gave Ye Changchi Song Qiande for six years (966). One of Shuiyue Guanyin statues and two scriptures and Vatican leaves. Ye Changchi is the famous Jinshi scholar of Qing Dynasty, and he cherishes this. He suggested that Gansu Fantai was resolved to Lanzhou in Lanzhou in the provincial capital. The freight of 6,000 silver was ordered to be sealed on the spot. In March 1904, the priests took the opportunity to save, hiding several cases of suicide books, or gifts to officials, in order to become inflamed; At least An Su Dao Dao Tingdong, Dihua (now Urumqi) General Chang Geng, literati Heng Jiemei, Zhang Xiaoshan, Zhang Youkou, etc. also got Dunhuang Shils. The news from the Dunhuang testament to the people, and the news of the ancient manuscripts of Mogao Grottoes also spread. At that time, China's eyes were in the Bohai Bay, and no one would look at this uninhabited desert and cold and dark caves. However, these treasures made foreign "inspectors", "explorer" and cultural relics spy salivating, and they extended the magic claws to Mogao Grottoes. From 1905 to 1924, in less than 20 years, the "inspectors" of Russia, Britain, France, Japan, and the United States came to Dunhuang and stole 30 to 40,000 volumes of scriptures and many precious ones. Crystals and sculptures have brought almost devastating disasters to Mogao Grottoes. In 1905, German archeologist Albal heard the news of the Tibetan Scripture Cave from the Turkish business population, which was tempting to him, but because of time urgency, he decided whether to go with a coin. "The front is facing up, and it will return full; the back is facing up, then the empty hand is back," he wrote. As a result, the back was facing up, so he returned to Kashigan with a horse, and lost his "the incredible treasure that should belong to me." However, in October, Boliorkov from the Tsar -Permir Geological Investigation Team came to Dunhuang to deceive the two big packages of Dunhuang's suicular note at the cost of only 6 packs of Russian daily necessities. March 1907, Hungarian Stan, who served Britain, disguised as Xuanzang believers, with Chinese secretary and translation of Jiang Xiaoyi, from the British India to Xinjiang to Mogao Grottoes. Planning, in the manuscript of up to 10 feet high, the whole 500 cubic foot manuscript, it took 37 nights to work, and the peach chose what he needed. After the bargain, he only used 40 pieces of horseshoe silver (200 two) to bribe the King of Taoist priests, deceived the scriptures from the Six Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, wrote about 7 large boxes of 7 large boxes, and 5 major boxes were equipped with carefully bandaging. There are more than 500 artistic and antiquities such as painting and embroidery products. On June 13, Stanin's transport team set off. However, in October, Stan Yinnin also commissioned Jiang Xiaoyi and another Chinese to sneak back to Mogao Grottoes and seduced 230 bundles of manuscripts. After about 10 months, these cultural relics were stolen to the London Museum.
In June 1906, the French Paul Boxi and the delegation led the delegation to visit ancient in Xinjiang. He took the Dunhuang manuscript, and he knew that Qianfo Cave found the secret manuscript. Bobei and Dr. Walan and photographer Charles Nuriete arrived in Dunhuang in July 1908. His pretty Chinese words were fascinated by the priests. On August 3, after Bo Xihe entered the Tibetan Sutra, he "was so frightened by a wooden chicken" and decided to check the entire library. He spent 3 weeks and at a speed of 1,000 volumes per day. He looked at all the paper and paintings in an orderly manner. Essence Then secret talks with the Taoist Taoist priests. In the end, only 500 two silver at the cost, cheated the precious cultural relics of 6,600 volumes of the boutique, including 2700 volumes of ancient Tibetan papers, and 3900 volumes of other types. Hundreds of black and white photos taken by Charles Nurte at Mogao Grottoes are now collected in the Paris National Library. In 1909, Nikki Guguang Rui organized an expedition to pick up a large number of scriptures in Dunhuang, and more than 7,000 numbers were compiled by Dagu University alone. In the same year, the Qing government's Beijing School of Studies allocated 6,000 Kuyin and ordered the Dunhuang County Ling Chen Fan to hand over the remaining suicide note. The priests have already hidden many privately in the two large transit tubes. In the turn of the year, when Xinjiang governor He Yansheng was responsible for handing over, he was removed by the geese and deprived of the layer. In the end, only 8697 volumes of the remaining 8697 were sent to Beijing and were stored in the Jingshi Library (now Beijing Library).
In October 1911, the third time the Otani expedition was inspected on the Silk Road, the Japanese Yoshikawa Koichiro and Orange Ruichao cheated 469 volumes from the hands of the Taoist priests. Daocai Two. In 1914, Stan came to Dun for the second time, and bought four boxes from the hands of the Taoist priests, with more than 600 scriptures. Two deceives, scrolls, scrolls, write books, engraved books 11, 604, and many pieces of embroidery and painting. In 1915, when Stein took Dazha out of China, 45 camels were re -loaded with 141 boxes of Chinese cultural relics and rowed for a long -term team. From a distance, it was like a train on the desert. One of the four weird wooden boxes on the back of the camel is equipped with Dunhuang literature.
. From 1914 to 1915, the Russian Edenburg stole more than 3,000 pieces, and there were more than 150 Silk -weaving Arts and more than 500 murals. Until 1919, when the Gansu government heard that the people often sold the news of the Dunhuang writing books to foreigners, they ordered the Dunhuang authorities to find the Dunhuang testament, which opened the Tibetan Sutra again, and there were 94 bundles in it.
wholesale jewelry seattle The Dunhuang Grottoes include Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, West Thousand Buddha Caves, Anxi Yulin Caves, etc. There are more than 600 caves. Dunhuang art is the art of Buddhism. There are more than 50,000 square meters of murals in the past and nearly 3,000 in Caimang. The content is very rich. Dunhuang Grottoes art is a multi -class art complex that produces and accumulated in Dunhuang. It includes Dunhuang architecture, Dunhuang murals and Dunhuang color plastic. Dunhuang Grottoes centered on Mogao Grottoes were included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO in 1987. As a national art treasure in my country, it has high historical value and artistic value. It is a rare treasure. It is the pearl of my country's national art treasures and human cultural heritage. Dunhuang Mogao Grotto is called Qianfo Cave. It is located on the cliff wall of Mingsha Shanshan, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu. It started in 366 years, and then rejected through the sixteenth countries to a dozen dynasties of the dollar to form a large -scale and large -scale grotto group. The buildings of the Dunhuang Grottoes are especially the eaves of the five Tang and Song wooden caves preserved by the Mogao Grottoes as the rare treasure and some ancient Song and Yuan civil engineering ancient towers. The indispensable first -hand information has the value of research history and art. Due to the different times, the grottoes are different, mainly with different characteristics, mainly: 1. Zen cave (that is, monk room). 2. Tat Temple Cottage (that is, central cave). 3. Hall of the palace cave. 4. Buddhist altar. 5. Great Buddha Cave (and Nirvana Cave). The Dunhuang Grottoes Cultural Relics Protection Research Exhibition Center is across the river with Mogao Grottoes. The main building is a two -story flat -top house. The building is about half hidden in the hills, and only the upper windows and the wide eaves are exposed outside. Coordinate with the environment of Mogao Grottoes. Dunhuang murals are the main components of Dunhuang art. They are huge in scale, rich in content, and exquisite skills. The murals of more than 50,000 square meters are divided into Buddha statues, transformed paintings, traditional mythical themes, supported portrait portraits, decorative patterns, story painting and landscape painting. Dunhuang Feitian was jointly bred by Indian culture, Western region culture, and Central Plains culture. It mainly flooded with floating dresses and flying ribbons. Dunhuang Feitian is the business card of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang and the sign of Dunhuang art.
wholesale jewelry fashion Mogao Grottoes Dunhuang CAVES Mogao Grottoes belong to the national key cultural relics protection units, commonly known as Qianfo Cave, known as the most valuable cultural discovery of the 20th century, and "Oriental Louvre". Makes and statues are famous for the world. It was built in the former Qin Dynasty of the Sixteen Kingdoms. After the construction of the 16th countries, the Northern Dynasties, the Sui, Tang, Fifth Dynasties, Xixia, Yuan and other generations, a huge scale was formed. There are 735 caves. Mud color plastic 2415 is the largest and most rich Buddhist art sacred place in the world. Since modern times, there have been Tibetan Scriptures, with more than 50,000 ancient cultural relics. From this, Dunhuang Studies, which derives the disciplines of Tibetan scriptures and Dunhuang art. However, in modern times, Mogao Grottoes have been deceived, theft, and a large amount of cultural relics have been lost, and their treasures have been severely damaged. In 1961, Mogao Grotto was announced as one of the first national key cultural relics protection units. In 1987, Mogao Grottoes were listed as a World Cultural Heritage. It is one of the four major caves in China. The only part of the scriptures are now displayed in the Forbidden City of Beijing.
It Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are the general names of the Mogao Grottoes and West Thousand Buddha Caves in Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. They are one of the four major grottoes in my country. Great, preserved the best treasure trove of Buddhism.
Mogen cave is located 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, excavated on the cliff on the eastern foot of Mingsha. It is about 1,600 meters long in the north and south. The upper and lower layers are arranged on the upper and lower layers. It is the most existing and most abundant classic culture and art treasure house in my country. It is also a world -famous Buddhist art center. In December 1987, it was listed as a World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO.
The former Qin Fu Jianjian's second year of the Yuan (AD 366), there was a Saimen Le of the Salmon. Seeing that there were thousands of Buddhas on the Mingsha Mountain, there were thousands of Buddhas, so the heart of germination was germinated. Suchi Buddhist Holy Land, named Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, commonly known as Qianfo Cave.
Magon cave, although it was attacked by nature and artificial destruction in the long years, so far there are ten from the sixteen countries, the Northern Wei, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou, the Sui, the Five Dynasties, the Song, the Xixia, and the Yuan Dynasty. There are 492 holes in a dynasty, with more than 45,000 square meters of murals, and two thousand statues. It is the greatest treasure house in the world's existing Buddhist art. If the murals are arranged, it can stretch more than 30 kilometers, which is the longest, largest, and most abundant gallery in the world. In recent decades, at home and abroad, he has been interested in Dunhuang art and continuously studied it, forming a special discipline "Dunhuang Studies".
Mogen cave is an art palace combined with ancient buildings, sculptures, and murals. It is especially known for its colorful murals. The abundant capacity and content of Dunhuang murals are comparable to any religious grottoes, temples or palaces in the world today. Looking around the caves and the top of the cave, Buddha statues, flying, hi music, fairy, etc. are painted everywhere. There are Buddhist scriptures paintings, sutra paintings, and Buddhist historical paintings, weird paintings and supported portraits, and various exquisite decorative patterns. The sculpture of Mogao Grottoes has been famous for a long time. There are 33 meters of sitting statue and a small bodhisattva of more than ten centimeters. Most of the caves are stored with statues, and there are a large number of large sculptures.
Mogen cave is a great art palace, a image of encyclopedia. Mogao Grottoes was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council in 1961; in 1987, it was included in the World Cultural Heritage Protection Project by the United Nations Science and Education and Literature Organization, and was awarded the "World Cultural Heritage" certificate in 1991.
The evaluation of Mogao Grottoes for foreign tourists is:
"Looking at the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, it is equivalent to seeing the ancient civilization of the world."
"Mogao Grottoes It is the longest, largest, and most abundant gallery in the world. "
" It is the greatest treasure house in the world's existing Buddhist art. "
The Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang was founded in 366 AD. During the 1,500 years of the Qing Dynasty, more than 480 caves were built on the upper wall of the long Mingsha Mountain in the three -way to the three kilalsis. It is full of colorful Buddha statues and murals based on Buddhist stories. The colorful Buddha statues have a total of more than 2,000 body, the largest one as high as 33 meters. The skills of murals are superb and amazing. If one party connects, it can be arranged into a gallery of more than fifty miles. In addition, in a closed stone room, a large number of ancient scriptures, documents, scrolls, etc. were found with high value.
about 25 kilometers from the urban area to Mogao Grottoes, and the car is driving for about 25 minutes. The Mogao Cave Valley is called a thousand Buddha caves. This does not refer to a thousand Buddhas or one thousand caves. The language of Buddha refers to many Buddhas and caves. In my country, there are four major grottoes, Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang in Henan, Maijishan Grottoes in Tianshui, Gansu, and Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang. The first reason is that the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes was earlier, and there is a history of 1643 to date. The sculpture, the murals are very exquisite, the current color plastic is 2499, and the mural is 45,000 square meters. Some people say that Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are both a large sculpture hall and a Buddhist art gallery.
In the inscriptions of Mogao Grottoes, in 366 AD, a monk named Lezun went to the foot of Mingsha Shanshan. Suddenly, he saw the golden light on the top of the mountain, as if there were millions of Buddhas flickering in the golden light, and it seemed that Xiangyin was dancing in the golden light. It is the Buddha Guang's appearance, which is the sacred place of the Buddha. So Lezun worshiped, determined to worship the Buddha here, and invited the craftsmen to excavate the first cave on the cliff. Since then, the disciples of Buddhism, the nobles of the palace, and the people of Shang Jia, and the good men and women have come here to donate to the cave. In the long history of more than a thousand years to the 14th century, the worshipers are endless.
[Edit this paragraph] Overview of the revolution
Mogao Grottoes is located on the cliff at the east foothills of Mingsha Shanshan, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, China. 50 meters high. The distribution of the caves is scattered and row, and there are at most five layers up and down. It was founded during the sixteenth Kingdom period. According to Tang's "Li Ke's Rebuilding Mogao Grottoes", in the second year of the Qin Dynasty (366 years), the monk Leyi Road passed the mountain and suddenly saw the golden light shining. So he excavated the first cave on the rock wall. Since then, Master Farary and others have continued to build a hole here. Later generations were universal because of "Mo" and "Mo", and they were renamed "Mogao Grottoes". During the Northern Wei, Western Wei Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the ruler worshiped Buddhism, and the grottoes were supported by the princes and nobles, and developed rapidly. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, with the prosperity of the Silk Road, Mogao Grottoes were flourishing, and there were more than a thousand caves in Wu Zetian. After the Anshi Rebellion, Dunhuang was occupied by Tubo and the Return Army, but the statue activities were not much affected. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Xixia, and Yuan Dynasty, Mogao Grottoes gradually declined. After the Yuan Dynasty, with the abandonment of the Silk Road, Mogao Grottoes also stopped building and gradually disappeared into the world's vision. It was not until the forty years of Kangxi (1701) in the Qing Dynasty that it made people pay attention here.
735 caves from the Northern Wei Dynasty to Yuan, which are divided into north and south areas. The southern district is the main body of Mogao Grottoes. It is a place for monks to engage in religious activities. There are 487 caves, all of which have murals or statues. There are 248 caves in the North District, only 5 of them have murals or statues, and the others are monks practice, living, and buried places after death. There are daily living facilities such as soil, stove, flue, niches, and table lamps. There are 492 caves in the two districts that have murals and statues, including 45,000 square meters of murals, five mud color plastic 2415, 5 eaves of the eaves of the Tang and Song dynasties, and thousands of lotus pillar stones, paving tiles, etc.
◎ The World Heritage Committee evaluation
Mo Gao Cave is a strategic point for the Silk Road. It is not only a transit station for Eastern and Western trade, but also the intersection of religion, culture and knowledge. The 492 small grottoes and cave temples of Mogao Grottoes are famous for their statues and murals, showing the art of Buddhism for thousands of years.
◎ Mogao Grottoes, also known as "Thousand Buddha Caves", "Qian" means more. It is located on the cliff wall of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, western China. Here, there is sufficient sunshine, dry and rainy, and clear seasons, and the temperature difference between day and night is large. The cave is more than 1,600 meters from north to south, with five floors up and down, and the highest place is 50 meters. There are 492 existing caves, which are available for visiting 10 caves, more than 45,000 square meters of murals, 2,415 in color plastic, and more than 4,000 flying statues. The Mogao Grottoes are large in scale, rich in content, and have a long history. They are also known as the "three major caves art treasure houses" in China. Mogao Grottoes were originally excavated in the second year of Qin Jianyuan (AD 366), and basically ended to the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD). After nearly a thousand consecutive years, Mogao Grottoes became the buildings, stone carvings, and stone carvings. Crystal murals and color plastic art are the most large scale in the world, the most abundant content, and the oldest Buddhist art treasure house. These art treasures not only reflect the religious and social life of China during the medieval period of China, but also show the outstanding wisdom and extraordinary achievements of the working people. In 1900, the "Tibetan Scripture Cave" was discovered by chance in Mogao Grottoes, and there were five or 60,000 artifacts from the fourteen centuries of the cave from the fourth century to the fourteenth century. This was a major discovery in Chinese archeology in the early 20th century, which shocked the world. Since then, the famous "Dunhuang Xue" has been developed. After nearly a century of research, Dunhuang studied not only achieved remarkable results in academic, art, and culture, but also showed the world the beauty of Dunhuang art, the richness of culture, and the wisdom of ancient Chinese labor people.
◎ Cultural Heritage Dunhuang Grottoes art is a three -dimensional art that integrates architecture, sculpture, and painting. Ancient artists have absorbed and melted foreign expression methods on the basis of inheriting the fine traditions of the Han nation and the Western Regions. It has developed Buddhist artworks with local customs with local characteristics of Dunhuang, providing precious information for the study of ancient Chinese politics, economy, culture, religion, ethnic relations, and friendship between Chinese and foreign. It is a treasure of human cultural treasures and spiritual wealth.
492 paintings, colorful plastic are stored in more than 500 caves in architectural art, including Zen cave, temple cave, tower temple cave, dome roof cave, "shadow cave" and other pagodas. The largest cave type is more than 40 meters high and 30 meters wide. From the center tower column -style cave type retained in the early grotto, it reflects the digestion and absorption of ancient artists while accepting foreign art, making it a national form of our country. Many of them are masterpieces of existing ancient buildings.
The color plastic art color plastic is the main body of Dunhuang art, including Buddha statues, bodhisattva statues, disciples, and heaven, King Kong, Lux, God, etc. Color plastic forms are rich in color, including round plastic, floating plastic, shadow plastic, good karma and so on. The maximum is 34.5 meters, and the minimum is only 2 cm (the statue of the mud and wood stones). 17 Portrait plastic plastic in Hexi in the Tang Dynasty, and the statue with a rod with a rod, etc., combined the statue and murals, is one of the earliest realities in my country, with high historical and artistic value.
The murals of mural art grottoes are colorful and colorful, all kinds of Buddhist scriptures, mountains and rivers, pavilions and other architectural paintings, landscape paintings, flower patterns, flying Buddha statues, and various scenes produced by the working people at that time. The artistic style and historical changes from the Six Kingdoms to the Qing Dynasty for more than 1500 years. In a large number of mural art, it can also be found that on the basis of nationalization, ancient artists have absorbed the heads of ancient art in Iran, India, Greece and other countries, and are the symbol of the developed civilization of the Chinese nation. The murals of various dynasties show different painting styles, reflecting the political, economic and cultural conditions of the feudal society in my country. It is a glorious chapter in the history of ancient Chinese art, providing precious image historical materials for ancient Chinese history research.
The 26 years of Guangxu (AD 1900), Dunhuang Arts was found in the hidden room in the hidden room in the north wall of the 16th. The remaining part. In addition to Chinese writing, the documents are written, Lu Teen, Luwen, Bonewen, Tubo, Sanskrit, Tibetan texts and other ethnic groups of various ethnic groups account for about one -sixth. The content of the documents includes the religious documents of the teachings of Buddhism, Dao, etc., literary works, contracts, account books, official document letters, etc. The discovery of Dunhuang art, in Chinese and foreign, has an extremely important research value for the remedies and collation of ancient Chinese literature.
[Edit this paragraph] Artistic characteristics
Magogian cave is a large -scale cave temple with fusion of painting, sculpture and architectural art. Its cave shapes are mainly Zen caves, central tower columns, temple caves, central Buddhist altar caves, four walls and three caves, large statue caves, nirvana caves, etc. The size of each cave is far from the size, the largest 268 square meter, the smallest cave 37 is high. There are original wooden temples outside the cave, and there are corridors and boardwalks.
Magon cave paintings are painted in the four walls, caves, and Buddhist altars of the cave. The content is extensive and profound. There are also many paintings that show all aspects of social life such as hunting, farming, textiles, transportation, war, war, construction, dance, marriage, and marriage. Some of these paintings are magnificent, and some are bright and magnificent, reflecting the artistic style and characteristics of different periods. Most of the paintings of the five generations of Chinese five generations have been lost. Mogao Grottoes murals provide important physical objects for the study of Chinese art history, and also provide a very valuable image and pattern for studying ancient Chinese customs. According to calculations, if these murals are arranged at 2 meters high, galleries can grow up to 25 kilometers.
The soil in the cliffs where Mogao Grottoes are relatively soft and are not suitable for stone carvings. Therefore, the statues of Mogao Grottoes except the four big Buddhas are stone tire clay sculptures, and the rest are wooden bone clay sculptures. The statues are Buddhist and Buddhas, and have a variety of combinations such as single statues and groups. The group statues are generally in the middle of the Buddha. The disciples and bodhisattvas are served on both sides. Color plastic forms include round plastic, floating plastic, shadow plastic, good karma and so on. These statues are exquisite and realistic, imaginative, highly accomplished, and combine with murals, complement each other.
It is a nine -layer covered eaves, also known as "Beida Portrait", which is in the middle of the cliff cave. Its wood structure is earth -red, the eaves are pecking, the outline is wrong, and the eaves are bells, and the wind sounds. In the meantime, the Maitreya Buddha statue, 35.6 meters high, was painted by stone tire clay sculptures. It is the third largest Buddha in China after Leshan Great Buddha and Rongxian Great Buddha. The lower part of the large Buddha's space is large and the upper part is small, and the plane is square. Two channels outside the building are available for watching the Great Buddha nearby, but also the source of light on the head and waist of the big Buddha. The cave eaves had existed before the first year of Tang Wende (888). At that time, it was 5 floors. The four years of the Northern Song Dynasty (966) and the Qing Dynasty were rebuilt and changed to 4 floors. Rebuild again in 1935 to form the current 9 -layer shape.
In the murals of Mogao Grottoes, the beautiful flying sky can be seen everywhere -the city sculpture of Dunhuang City is also the image of a flying fairy that rebounds the pipa. Feitian is the god who serves the Buddha and Emperor Shitian, and can sing and dance. Above the wall, Feitian danced in the boundless universe, and some held the lotus buds and rushed straight to the clouds; some dived from the air, and the pioneering meteor; Then follow the wind, leisurely. The painter's unique winding long line and stretching and harmonious interest are presented to people a beautiful and ethereal imagination world.
It color, flying lines, in these northwestern artists' warm and emotional depiction of the ideal kingdom of heaven, we seem to feel the inexhaustible passion for their ride on the desert wasteland. Perhaps this is exactly this kind of Passion, only the show of imagination in the mural!
[Edit this paragraph] The evolution of style
492 caves with murals and sculptures in Mogao Grottoes can be divided into four periods: the Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties, five generations and Song, Xixia and Yuan.
36 caves were excavated during the Northern Dynasties. Among them, the earliest time of Cave 268, Cave 272, and Cave 275 may be built in the Beiliang period. The shape of the cave is mainly Zen cave, central tower pillar cave and temple cave. Color plastic has two types: round plastic and shadow plastic. The content of the murals includes Buddha statues, Buddhist scriptures, monsters, and supporters. During this period, the shafts were mainly flying, supporting the bodhisattva and thousands of Buddhas. The round plastic was originally a combination of one Buddha and two bodhisattvas, and later added two disciples. The statue character is healthy, with a dignified and quiet expression, and the style is simple and thick. In the early stage of the murals, the color of the earth red is the background color, and then the color is colorful, green, green, and white. The color is warm and heavy, the lines are simple and thick, the character image is straight, and the characteristics of Buddhism in the western region are characterized. After the Western Wei Dynasty, the background color was mostly white, the color tone tended to be elegant, the style was free, and the style of the Central Plains had the style. Typical caves include Cave 249, Cave 259, Cave 285, Cave 428, etc. For example, the statue of Shimuni in the Northern Wei Dynasty of the 243 Grotto, sitting rashly, obliquely squeezed the Indian puppets, and flat -shaped round buns on the top of the head, retaining the style of the Panto.
The Sui and Tang dynasties are the heyday of the development of Mogao Grottoes, and there are more than 300 existing caves. During this period, the Zen cave and the central tower pillar cave gradually disappeared, and at the same time, a large number of places appeared in the form of palace caves, Buddhist altar caves, four walls, three caves, and large portraits. Among them, the number of temple caves was the largest. The statues are round plastic, the shape is strong and plump, the style is more centralized, and the tall statues that the previous generations have not appeared. The group portraits are mostly seven or nine. The Sui Dynasty was mainly a Buddha, the second disciple, the second bodhisattva, or the four bodhisattva. Essence During this period, Mogao Cave murals were rich in themes, magnificent scenes, magnificent colors, and artistic skills reached an unprecedented level. Such as the style of the statue of Cave 79 in the Middle Tang Dynasty. The upper body is exposed, and the half -knee -sitting style. The two snail round hair buns closed on their heads are the hair styles of civilians in the Tang Dynasty. The muscles of the face and limbs are round, with powder color, white skin, and the expression is easy to warm. Although there is still an Indian red hemorrhoids in the eyebrows, it is more like a real person in life. There is also in Cave 159, and it is also a threat to the Bodhisattva. A naked upper body, obliquely, lifted his right hand, sagged his left hand, his head leaned slightly to the right, his upper body was leaning, and his crotch moved to the right. The movement coordinated, which not only kept balanced, but also revealed the feminine beautiful figure. Another bodhisattva is covered with clothes, and several layers of inside and outside are clearly exposed to the body structure. The folds are fluent, the color is gorgeous, the configuration is coordinated, the body is slender, and the proportion is appropriate.
The five generations and the Song Dynasty caves have more than 100 caves, most of which are reconstructed and re -painted former dynasty caves. The shapes are mainly Buddhist altars and palace caves. From the late Tang Dynasty to the fifth generation, the Zhang and Cao family who ruled the Dunhuang believed in Buddhism, and they contributed a lot of capital to Mogao Grottoes. Therefore, the portrait portraits appeared in large quantities at this stage and were rich in content. Both the statues and murals follow the style of the late Tang Dynasty, but the more they get in the later period, the more formulating its form, and the level of art techniques has also decreased. During this period, the typical caves include Cave 61 and Cave 98. Among them, the map of Cave 61 is the largest mural of the Mogao Grotto, 5 meters high and 13.5 meters long. The shape of the city, the temple of the city, the pavilion and the pavilion, etc., are macro.
85 caves in the west of Mogao Grottoes are existing in Xixia and Yuan Dynasty. There are 77 Xixia Caves, most of which are the former dynasty caves that are renovated and repaired. The cave shape and mural sculpture basically follow the style of the former dynasty. The image of the king of king back in the middle of the Xixia may be related to the returning people. In the late Xixia period, the content of Tibetan tantra appeared in the murals. There are only 8 caves in the Yuan Dynasty, all of which are newly excavated. The shape of a circular Buddhist altar in the square cave appears. The murals and sculptures are basically related to Tibetan Tantra. Typical caves include Cave 3, Cave 61, and Cave 465.
[Edit this paragraph] Main buildings
Caves: 735 existing caves, including murals, colorful plastic and other cultural relics
Nine -story floor: Cave number No. 96, only when it was built, only available at the time of construction. The four floors, the latter five floors were later built. There is a big Buddha in the world. Cave Exhibition Hall: It is located opposite the ticket office, displaying the export cultural relics of Mogao Grottoes and several caves reproduced by experts at a ratio of 1: 1.
The Tibetan Scripture Cave: In 1900, the Taoist priest who lived in Mogao Grottoes Wang Yuanzheng made large -scale cleaning in order to convert some of the long -abandoned caves into Taoist outlook. When he cleared the sand for the 16th (currently number), he accidentally found a small door on the wall of the north side of the road. For Cave 17), there are more than 50,000 artifacts such as paper painting, silk painting, embroidery and other cultural relics from the 4th century to the 11th century (that is, the sixteen kingdoms to the Northern Song Dynasty). This is the famous "Tibetan Scripture Cave".
The inner walls of the Tibetan Sutra Tibetan Caves are painted, Bodhi trees, bhikkhuni and other images. There is a Zen bed -style low altar. It plasticizes a monk with a monk's sits. Another stone monument seems to be unsuccessful. Judging from the documents unearthed in the cave, the latest writing in the Northern Song Dynasty and did not see the West Xia text. closed. It is a party, a call. It deified humanity, put into shape, and uses the shape to trigger human nature. Therefore, it became a colorful dream, a holy precipitation, and a permanent longing in the hearts of the nation.
It is a kind of carnival, a release. In its arms, the gods are blended with time and space, so it makes people walk into myths, fables, and the neon of the cosmic consciousness. Here, carnival is a natural order, release is a talent, and the kingdom of art is the palace of freedom.
paparazzi jewelry wholesale prices After finding the Tibetan Scripture Cave, the priests first picked up a few things that they thought of their own valuables and gave it to Wang Zonghan, Zhixian County, Dunhuang. He asked him to identify and hoped to change some money. After all, Wang had some knowledge about antiquities, so he asked some documents and scriptures as "gifts" for officials. In 1902, Ye Changchi, a person in Suzhou, became the Gansu school. Wang Zhixian gave Ye Changchi Song Qiande for six years (966). One of Shuiyue Guanyin statues and two scriptures and Vatican leaves. Ye Changchi is the famous Jinshi scholar of Qing Dynasty, and he cherishes this. He suggested that Gansu Fantai was resolved to Lanzhou in Lanzhou in the provincial capital. The freight of 6,000 silver was ordered to be sealed on the spot. In March 1904, the priests took the opportunity to save, hiding several cases of suicide books, or gifts to officials, in order to become inflamed; At least An Su Dao Dao Tingdong, Dihua (now Urumqi) General Chang Geng, literati Heng Jiemei, Zhang Xiaoshan, Zhang Youkou, etc. also got Dunhuang Shils.
The news from the Dunhuang testament to the people, and the news of the ancient manuscripts of Mogao Grottoes also spread. At that time, China's eyes were in the Bohai Bay, and no one would look at this uninhabited desert and cold and dark caves. However, these treasures made foreign "inspectors", "explorer" and cultural relics spy salivating, and they extended the magic claws to Mogao Grottoes. From 1905 to 1924, in less than 20 years, the "inspectors" of Russia, Britain, France, Japan, and the United States came to Dunhuang and stole 30 to 40,000 volumes of scriptures and many precious ones. Crystals and sculptures have brought almost devastating disasters to Mogao Grottoes. In 1905, German archeologist Albal heard the news of the Tibetan Scripture Cave from the Turkish business population, which was tempting to him, but because of time urgency, he decided whether to go with a coin. "The front is facing up, and it will return full; the back is facing up, then the empty hand is back," he wrote. As a result, the back was facing up, so he returned to Kashigan with a horse, and lost his "the incredible treasure that should belong to me." However, in October, Boliorkov from the Tsar -Permir Geological Investigation Team came to Dunhuang to deceive the two big packages of Dunhuang's suicular note at the cost of only 6 packs of Russian daily necessities.
March 1907, Hungarian Stan, who served Britain, disguised as Xuanzang believers, with Chinese secretary and translation of Jiang Xiaoyi, from the British India to Xinjiang to Mogao Grottoes. Planning, in the manuscript of up to 10 feet high, the whole 500 cubic foot manuscript, it took 37 nights to work, and the peach chose what he needed. After the bargain, he only used 40 pieces of horseshoe silver (200 two) to bribe the King of Taoist priests, deceived the scriptures from the Six Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, wrote about 7 large boxes of 7 large boxes, and 5 major boxes were equipped with carefully bandaging. There are more than 500 artistic and antiquities such as painting and embroidery products. On June 13, Stanin's transport team set off. However, in October, Stan Yinnin also commissioned Jiang Xiaoyi and another Chinese to sneak back to Mogao Grottoes and seduced 230 bundles of manuscripts. After about 10 months, these cultural relics were stolen to the London Museum.
In June 1906, the French Paul Boxi and the delegation led the delegation to visit ancient in Xinjiang. He took the Dunhuang manuscript, and he knew that Qianfo Cave found the secret manuscript. Bobei and Dr. Walan and photographer Charles Nuriete arrived in Dunhuang in July 1908. His pretty Chinese words were fascinated by the priests. On August 3, after Bo Xihe entered the Tibetan Sutra, he "was so frightened by a wooden chicken" and decided to check the entire library. He spent 3 weeks and at a speed of 1,000 volumes per day. He looked at all the paper and paintings in an orderly manner. Essence Then secret talks with the Taoist Taoist priests. In the end, only 500 two silver at the cost, cheated the precious cultural relics of 6,600 volumes of the boutique, including 2700 volumes of ancient Tibetan papers, and 3900 volumes of other types. Hundreds of black and white photos taken by Charles Nurte at Mogao Grottoes are now collected in the Paris National Library. In 1909, Nikki Guguang Rui organized an expedition to pick up a large number of scriptures in Dunhuang, and more than 7,000 numbers were compiled by Dagu University alone. In the same year, the Qing government's Beijing School of Studies allocated 6,000 Kuyin and ordered the Dunhuang County Ling Chen Fan to hand over the remaining suicide note. The priests have already hidden many privately in the two large transit tubes. In the turn of the year, when Xinjiang governor He Yansheng was responsible for handing over, he was removed by the geese and deprived of the layer. In the end, only 8697 volumes of the remaining 8697 were sent to Beijing and were stored in the Jingshi Library (now Beijing Library).
In October 1911, the third time the Otani expedition was inspected on the Silk Road, the Japanese Yoshikawa Koichiro and Orange Ruichao cheated 469 volumes from the hands of the Taoist priests. Daocai Two. In 1914, Stan came to Dun for the second time, and bought four boxes from the hands of the Taoist priests, with more than 600 scriptures. Two deceives, scrolls, scrolls, write books, engraved books 11, 604, and many pieces of embroidery and painting. In 1915, when Stein took Dazha out of China, 45 camels were re -loaded with 141 boxes of Chinese cultural relics and rowed for a long -term team. From a distance, it was like a train on the desert. One of the four weird wooden boxes on the back of the camel is equipped with Dunhuang literature.
. From 1914 to 1915, the Russian Edenburg stole more than 3,000 pieces, and there were more than 150 Silk -weaving Arts and more than 500 murals. Until 1919, when the Gansu government heard that the people often sold the news of the Dunhuang writing books to foreigners, they ordered the Dunhuang authorities to find the Dunhuang testament, which opened the Tibetan Sutra again, and there were 94 bundles in it.
wholesale jewelry seattle The Dunhuang Grottoes include Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, West Thousand Buddha Caves, Anxi Yulin Caves, etc. There are more than 600 caves. Dunhuang art is the art of Buddhism. There are more than 50,000 square meters of murals in the past and nearly 3,000 in Caimang. The content is very rich. Dunhuang Grottoes art is a multi -class art complex that produces and accumulated in Dunhuang. It includes Dunhuang architecture, Dunhuang murals and Dunhuang color plastic. Dunhuang Grottoes centered on Mogao Grottoes were included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO in 1987. As a national art treasure in my country, it has high historical value and artistic value. It is a rare treasure. It is the pearl of my country's national art treasures and human cultural heritage. Dunhuang Mogao Grotto is called Qianfo Cave. It is located on the cliff wall of Mingsha Shanshan, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu. It started in 366 years, and then rejected through the sixteenth countries to a dozen dynasties of the dollar to form a large -scale and large -scale grotto group. The buildings of the Dunhuang Grottoes are especially the eaves of the five Tang and Song wooden caves preserved by the Mogao Grottoes as the rare treasure and some ancient Song and Yuan civil engineering ancient towers. The indispensable first -hand information has the value of research history and art. Due to the different times, the grottoes are different, mainly with different characteristics, mainly: 1. Zen cave (that is, monk room). 2. Tat Temple Cottage (that is, central cave). 3. Hall of the palace cave. 4. Buddhist altar. 5. Great Buddha Cave (and Nirvana Cave). The Dunhuang Grottoes Cultural Relics Protection Research Exhibition Center is across the river with Mogao Grottoes. The main building is a two -story flat -top house. The building is about half hidden in the hills, and only the upper windows and the wide eaves are exposed outside. Coordinate with the environment of Mogao Grottoes. Dunhuang murals are the main components of Dunhuang art. They are huge in scale, rich in content, and exquisite skills. The murals of more than 50,000 square meters are divided into Buddha statues, transformed paintings, traditional mythical themes, supported portrait portraits, decorative patterns, story painting and landscape painting. Dunhuang Feitian was jointly bred by Indian culture, Western region culture, and Central Plains culture. It mainly flooded with floating dresses and flying ribbons. Dunhuang Feitian is the business card of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang and the sign of Dunhuang art.
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