wholesale jewelry company formerly in evanston il Where is Mogao Grottoes

Calvin

November 15, 2022 at 8:40 pm

wholesale jewelries in lagos Help Editor's Encyclopedia
Mado Du Du's Taiyuan Wang's support is like Dunhuang murals including Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Xilinfo Caves, and Anxi Yulin Grottoes with 552 caves. There are more than 50,000 square meters of murals in the past. The most cave group, the content is very rich. Dunhuang murals are the main components of Dunhuang art, with huge scale and exquisite skills. The content of Dunhuang murals is colorful. Like other religious arts, it is a description of God's image, the activity of God, the relationship between God and God, and the relationship between God and man with the kind wishes of people to appease people's hearts. Therefore, the style of murals has a different characteristic from secular painting. However, any art stems from real life, and any art has its national tradition; therefore their forms are mostly based on common artistic language and expression skills, and have a common national style.

Catalogs

The main categories of Buddha statues
Themature painting
National traditional mythical theme n
Story painting
landscape painting
style characteristics
painting style 16 kingdoms and Northern Wei Dynasty style
Western Wei Dynasty style
During the style
Five generations and the early Northern Song Dynasty style
lines color
Foreign influence borrowed from foreign human anatomy
absorbing the western field blooming method
Phenomenon
Reason for discoloration
The main category Buddha statue of Dunhuang and Olympic
n decorative pattern drawing
Story painting
landscape painting
style characteristics
painting style Sixteen kingdoms and Northern Wei Dynasty style
Western Wei Dynasty style
R n The style of the Tang Dynasty
The style of the Five Dynasties and the early Northern Song Dynasty
Line color
Foreign influence drawing on foreign human anatomy n absorbing the Western Region Landy
n Reason for color change color Change phenomenon
cause of color change
Dunhuang and Olympic Games
The aesthetic name of Dunhuang murals Edit the main category of this paragraph
The Buddha statues
The as religious art, it It is the main part of the murals, including various Buddha statues ----------------- The Third Buddha, the Seventh Buddha, Shakya, Dabao Buddha, and Puxian Bodhisattva (at the end of the 8th century-9世纪初)rn贤劫千佛等；各种菩萨------文殊、普贤、观音、势至等；天龙八部------天王、龙王、夜叉、飞天、 Ashura, Galou Luo (Golden Wing Bird King), Loto (Lotte), Python God, etc. Most of these Buddha statues are painted in the diagram of the statement. There are 933 statements in Mogao Grottoes murals, and Buddha statues 12208 in various different expressions.
This of painting
The artistic forms of painting, literature, etc., are easy to understand Buddhist classics that are easy to understand. Use the painting method to express the classic content of the classic content of the West Queen Mother Mogao Grottoes at the top of the northern slope of the top of the cave at the top of the cave
The people are called "disguised", that is, the passage of the painting;
The national mythical theme
It in the cave in the late Northern Wei Dynasty, the mythical themes with Taoist thoughts appeared. At the top of the Western Wei Dynasty, except for the center of the center drawing lotus algae, the two -sided fool Wang Bawang Eight Section of Fang Shi opened the way. Suzaku, basalt, green dragon, and white tiger distribution. Fei Lian's wings and wind moved, Lei Gong's arm turned around, and the thunderstorm smashed the stone with iron diamonds.
The supporter portrait
Buels, Mid -Tang Dynasty Music Figure
is the person who believes in Buddhism to build a grotto. In order to show the devotion to the Buddha, they left the name of the future. When opening the statue, they painted themselves with their portraits of their families, relatives, slaves, and others. These portraits are called portraits of supporters.
The decorative pattern
The colorful decorative patterns are mainly used for the architectural decoration of the grotto, as well as tables, crown clothes and utensil decoration. Decorative patterns vary from time to time, ever -changing, and have superb painting skills and rich imagination. The patterns are mainly algae patterns, 椽图 patterns, and decorative patterns.
S story painting
In order to widely attract the masses and vigorously publicize the Buddhist Dharma, the abstract and esoteric Buddhist classic historical traces must be instilling the masses in the form of popular and image forms to call them worship. As a result, a large number of story paintings were drawn in the cave in the cave, so that the masses were educated in a subtle way during the process of watching. The story is rich in content, the plot is moving, the life is strong, and the attractive charm is. It can be divided into five categories. 1. The story of the Buddhism: It mainly preach the life of Shakyamuni. Many of them are the myths and folklore of ancient India. After several centuries of processing and modification, Buddhists are attached to Shakya. Generally, there are many scenes of "multiplied elephants" and "over the middle of the night". The Buddhist story of Cave 290 (Northern Zhou Dynasty) was tied for six rolled rolls, drawing in a sequential structure, a total of 87 pictures, depicting all the plots between Shakyamuni from birth to monks. Such a long -forming comic painting is rare in Chinese Buddhist stories. Nine -colored Lu Ben Sheng Story Painting Mogao Grottoes Cave 257 Northern Wei
2. The story of the story: refers to the vividness of various good deeds depicting Shakyamuni during his lifetime story. It is also a widely popular theme in Dunhuang's early murals, such as "Saju's Body Feds Tiger", "Corpse King Cut the Meat and Save Pigeons", "Jiudi Deer Saves and Saves", "Sudu Timing Cut Meats" and so on. Although they have been marked on religion, they still maintain the true nature of myths, fairy tales, and folk stories. 3. Due to the story of the story: This is the story of Buddhist disciples, good men and women, and Sakyamuni. The difference between the story of the life is: the story of the birth of the Shengshamuni during his lifetime; the cause of the Buddhist disciples, the good men and the woman's belief in the past life or this life. The main stories in the murals include "500 robbers into Buddhas", "Sami Shoujie Suicide", "Prince Prince Essence into the Sea" and so on. The content of the story is bizarre, the plot is twisted, and it is quite dramatic. Zhang Jian's envoy of the Western Regions
4. The story of Buddhist historical traces: refers to the story drawn based on historical records, including Buddhist traces, inductive stories, monks' deeds, Rui portrait, precepts, etc. Including historical figures and historical events, it is a Buddhist historical information. Most of these paintings are painted in the caves, the top of the martyrdom and the top of the corner. However, some are also painted on the front wall, such as "Zhang Jian's envoy of the Western Regions", "Buddha Tucheng" and "Liu San" in Cave 323. 5. Metaphorical story painting: This is the story listed by Buddhist teachings to Buddhist teachings in a simple and easy -to -understand manner to explain to Buddhist disciples, good men and women. Most of these stories are fables and fairy tales in ancient India and Southeast Asia. They have been collected and recorded in Buddhists in the Buddhist scriptures. The metaphorical stories in the Dunhuang murals include "Xianggu and Golden Elephant", "Golden Maosa Lion" and so on.
landscape painting
The landscape paintings in Dunhuang murals are covered with grottoes, with rich content and diverse forms. Most of them are integrated with transient paintings and story paintings to play a role of foil. Some are based on the landscapes in the Buddhist scriptures, referring to the realistic scenery and the superb imagination, depicting the beautiful and natural scenery of the "Bliss World" green mountains and green water, birds and flowers. "". In addition to the above seven categories, the content of the murals is also the building paintings, utensils, flower and bird painting, animal painting, etc., in addition to the above seven categories. The artistic value of Dunhuang murals is precious. It systematically reflects the historical appearance of the artistic style and its inheritance evolution of various periods in terms of structural layout, character modeling, line drawing, and color setting color. The above seven types of murals, except for decorative patterns, generally have the murals of the plot, especially after painting and story painting, which reflect a large number of real social life, such as: travel, banquet, interrogation, hunting, shaving, shaving, shaving , Ritual Buddha, etc.; Farming, hunting, fishing, pottery, iron smelting, slaughtering, cooking, construction, begging, etc.; There are also marriage, school, martial arts, song and dance, business travel, ethnic minorities, foreign messenger, foreign messenger, foreign messenger, foreign messenger Wait for various social activities. Therefore, Dunhuang Grottoes are not only a treasure trove of human art, but also a treasure trove of historical documents. Mogao Grottoes are one of the most precious historical documents such as Buddhist scriptures and documents with a large number of exquisite murals and countless vivid colored statues, and extremely precious a large number of precious Buddhist scriptures, documents and other precious historical documents.
In the characteristics of this paragraph
Parents' grace is transformed by the transformation
The image (Buddha, Bodhisattva, etc.) and the images of ordinary people (for the characters in the paintings of the characters and the characters in the story of the Dunhuang murals Divided. Both types of images are derived from real life) but each has different properties. In terms of shape. The vulgar image is full of life, and the characteristics of the times are also more vivid; while the image of the gods changes less, and the imagination and exaggeration are more. From the clothes of the clothes, most people are in the Central Plains Chinese, while the gods mostly maintain the exotic crown; they are also different, and the popular people mostly use the Central Plains halo method, and the gods are mostly bumps in the western region. All these are constantly changing with the time of the times. One of the issues that are closely related to styling are deformation. Dunhuang murals inherit the deformation of traditional painting, and cleverly shape a variety of characters, animals and plant images. Different times, different aesthetics, and different degrees and methods. Early deformation is large, more romantic ingredients, and the characteristics of the image are clear; after the Sui and Tang dynasties, the deformation is less, the three -dimensional sense is strong, and the realism is becoming increasingly strong. There are two ways of deformation: one is exaggeration and deformation. For example, the bodhisattva in the late Northern Wei Dynasty or during the Western Wei Dynasty greatly increased the length of the service, fingers and necks, and the bone was revealed. Bone rule ". Quan Gang Lishi is mostly exaggerated in horizontal, thickened limbs, shortened necks, his head is round belly, his eyebrows are eye -catching, emphasizing the health of your body and the power of the superpower. Both characters are exaggerated.
Editing this paragraph of painting style
The eras of Dunhuang murals are different, so the style is not consistent.
style of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Wei Dynasty
In early Dunhuang murals
The 16 kingdoms of the 16 kingdoms (such as 275, 254, 257 and other caves) Character shapes, outlined and focused on the expression methods of faint lines, and the form of decorating the substrate with red red and loose flower patterns, are obviously obviously painted by out -of -domain or Xinjiang.
The style of the Western Wei Dynasty
(249, 285, etc.) is absorbing traditional forms and incorporating more life plots and images into the creation of Buddhist murals. Usually the murals of this period are paved with white powder, drawing with vigorous threads and bright colors. On the whole, it seems that the traditional style of painting has been further developed in Dunhuang Buddhist art.
style of the Northern Zhou Dynasty
(290, 428, 299 and other caves) are usually comic of large -scale and Dharma stories. Elegant, although some skin is slightly three -dimensional, and still has the heritage of painting in the Western Regions, overall, from the image to the artistic style is the traditional painting of the Han nationality.
The style of the Tang Dynasty
The theme is very rich, which can be summarized as: pure land disguised, after changing story painting, Buddha, Bodhisattva, etc., to support people. The composition of Pure Land disguised uses the perspective of the building to cause a deep impression of space. The complex and rich picture is still very compact and complete. It is an important breakthrough in the development of painting art. It has been imitated, copied and passed on for a long time. The stories are represented by the images of zero and three -three -five caves. The content is rich and changeable, and the scene and plot are handled real and interesting. The statues of Buddhism and Bodhisattva in painting and carving are an important creation in Buddhist art in the Tang Dynasty. The movements and expressions of these images are more diverse than the previous generation. The vivid gesture, especially the image of the Bodhisattva of the Tang Dynasty, is an important example of the successful combination of ideals and reality in ancient art. The murals of the Tang Dynasty supporting people carefully depicting the basic content of the upper social life. The support of Lotting and his wife Wang's in the Tang Dynasty of 130 was like an excellent masterpiece. picture".
The style of the Five Dynasties and the early Northern Song Dynasty
Due to the history of Li Dunhuang murals
The history, Dunhuang art has been declining from the last climax, but the murals of the paintings of the new painting style of the Central Plains are still preserved to this day. The Northern Song Dynasty cave Before the extension cave was converted, the Song Dynasty murals were often covered with the Tang Dynasty or the Northern Wei murals. On both sides of the door of the previous generation caves, the five generations of Northern Song Dynasty were painted. size. In the "Labor Fighting Staff" in the 198th cave, the large -scale Mountain Maps of the Liuyi Cave showed the composition skills and the level of painting of landscape characters at that time.
Edit this segment of line color
lines and colors as the artistic language of traditional painting in my country, with high degree of generalization and expressiveness. n [1] The complicated character image. Dunhuang murals have fully inherited this tradition and developed into the needs of creating a new image. The starting line of murals is bold and free, strong and powerful. With a few red threads, a wild bison that Sakura Benz comes out of the wall; the refreshing wiring shows a group of lively expression of a group of hunters rushing to run for food; The dick (charcoal strip), the painting of the painting, obviously, is obviously a vivid and vivid white trace. In the inadvertent writing, it is often another kind of fun that is naturally revealed in the pen and ink. The fixed lines of Dunhuang murals are relatively rigorous. The early iron line drawing is smooth and smooth. It is used to express chic and beautiful characters, such as the gods and flying sky of the Western Wei Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty popular orchid leaf trails, the center was written, round, plump, sweaty, soft and rigid inside.
The influence of this paragraph of this paragraph
The Dunhuang murals had Chinese style and national style to varying degrees from the beginning, forming a Chinese -style Buddhist art with its own system. In this regard, ancient painters have made great achievements. It is commendable that on the basis of inheriting and carrying forward the national art traditions, their magnificent courage and strict attitude are used to learn from foreign art. The reference of Dunhuang murals on foreign art is mainly manifested in two aspects:
In the anatomy of foreign human body
If Dunhuang murals
It can be found that the tomb painting characters have more wide robes and big sleeves, and the shape is simple. And not signing for the human body, the symbolic decorative taste is strong; most of the characters in Dunhuang murals are mostly naked or naked, the description is detailed, the ratio of the human body ratio is more accurate, so the real sense is strong. At the same time, why was there such a big difference by Chinese painters? The fundamental reason is that Chinese painting and Western painting centered on Greece and Rome are the same as two different systems. China is known for its refreshment, and the West is known for its realism. Zhongyin painting is based on Confucian etiquette ideas, morality, ethical, wearing deep robes, deep -covered body, cage shape in the clothes, so the character's image does not see bone tendons, does not focus on three -dimensional sense, and emphasizes the "apartment shape shape shape. The symbolic decoration beauty of "sending meaning". The tomb painting of the sixteen nations of the Wei and Jin dynasties belongs to this system. The Dunhuang murals were directly affected by the content, form and expression of the turtle murals, and the turtle wall sparse was directly passed from India and Afghanistan. The Buddhist art of India and Afghanistan has already absorbed the nutrition of Western art. The Indian nation can be good at Europe, so the characters in the murals, especially the Bodhisattva, are moderate proportion, reasonable anatomy, beautiful posture, delicate hand, and truly expressing human beauty. This realistic technique is accepted by Dunfin painter, which greatly strengthens the rationality of the decrystation of mural characters, makes up for the lack of painting in Han and Jin, and has promoted the growth of new national style.
The absorption of the Western Region Landy
This painting at the beginning was not smudge at first. The two Han dynasties were red in the face of the characters on the face, in order to express the color of the Dunhuang mural
, although there was a certain three -dimensional sense, it was not strong. The characters in the Buddhist murals of the Western Regions are stained with Zhu Hong's body, deep and dark in the low places. This kind of innocence in India has changed in the Western Regions, and a light faint appeared; in Dunhuang, it has improved and fused with the national tradition. The face color of the face, and the three -dimensional new halo method, reaches extremely prosperous to the Tang Dynasty. Just as "the characters have eight sides, business activities" in the history of Wu Jinzi's murals in the history of painting, "the painting of Taozi is like a plastic." Therefore, Duan Chengjie admired Wu Huizi's painting "The wind and cloud will be funny, and the ghost and god should be taken off the wall." Such an image is everywhere in Dunhuang murals. This new halo method has promoted the continuous development and improvement of the realistic style of murals.
In Dunhuang catastrophe in this paragraph
Dunhuang robbery records at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, just as Western powers were divided into large blockbusters in the north and south of the Yangtze River, in the northwest of China, imperialist countries also began a plunder. Divide the competition of Chinese antiquities. At first, people did not know the depths of the desert and the broken caves and castles in the castle. In order to fight for or expand the scope of the sphere of influence in Xinjiang, the UK in India and the Tsar Russia who invaded the large land of Central Asia sent an adventure The team entered Xinjiang, such as the trustees of T.D.Forrsyth, Britain in 1870 and 1873, the Ronghe Peng (F.E.) expedition in Britain in 1887, in 1870 to 1885 The four adventures of Sky (N.M. PRZHEVAL'skii) organizations are all over many places in Xinjiang, Gansu, Mongolia, and Tibet. Plant military intelligence, understand local political conditions and surveying maps, explore the path, and lay the foundation for possible military operations in the future. In the Dunhuang murals of the UK
In 1889, a British captain named H.BOWER, in a waste pagoda near the car, accidentally got a group of Sanskrit Bayeho. Dr. R.A.F. HOERNLE, Sanskritist, identified this is the oldest Sanskrit writing book. Therefore, the important academic value of cultural relics unearthed in Xinjiang soon learned for the European academic community. At the same time, Dutreuil de Rhins, France's Dutreuil de Rhins, also bought the same ancient Luwen Beiye Ben from 1890 to 1895 in the Xinjiang Investigation from 1890 to 1895. Stimulated the increasingly prosperous Oriental studies in Europe. In 1899, Rome held the 12th International Oriental Scholars Conference. At the meeting, under the initiative of Russian scholar W.radloff, the "Central Asia and Far East History, Archeology, Language, and Race Exploration International Association" was established. Establish a branch to promote archeological investigations in northwestern China. Since then, various countries have sent inspections to enter the new, sweet, Mongolian, Tibetan regions, and take the ancient cultural relics in the indigenous ruins, ancient city ruins and Buddhist temple caves as their main purpose. Among them, the more famous are the Central Asian adventure from P.k.kozlov (P.k.kozlov) in Russia, especially his excavation of Black City, Black City, Nishi Ancient City near Kuyan in Gansu in 1908, M. A.STEIN) Three Central Asian Adventures from 1900-1901, 1906-1908, 1913-1915. He involved the most widely regional and the most harvested; Investigating, the ruins of the ancient country of Loulan were discovered; the Turpan survey team led by A. Grunwedel and A. Vonwedel (A. Grunwedel) and A. Von Le COQ, from 1902-1903, 1903-1905, 1905-1907 , 1913-1914 investigation and excavation, focusing on the north of Turku Basin and other Tarim Basin to the north along the oasis site of the Turpan Basin; Nurheim (C.G.E.) 1906-19o8 inspection; two Xinjiang, Gansu archeological surveys from 1909-1910, 1914-1915, and Japan Dagu Guangrui, from 1902-1904, 1908 to 1909, 1910 to 1914, was dispatched three times in the Central Asian Inspection Team. The countless ancient Chinese precious cultural relics were taken away by them and entered a library or museum hidden in various countries. In this catastrophe, the literature and cultural relics of the Dunhuang Tibetan Sutra did not escape their magic claws. The first foreign explorer who came to Dunhuang to steal Tibetan Cave Literature was Stanin, who was originally from Hungary and later worked in the Indian government in the UK. He was an archaeologist, but he did not understand Chinese. It has been excavated in many ancient sites such as Hetian, Niya, Loulan and other places along the south of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang. A large number of cultural relics and ancient writing books were stolen, and there were quite a lot of conspiracy tricks. As early as 1902, Stan Yin heard from his fellow friends and Hungarian local quality scholar Lajos.loczy, and heard of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes

4 thoughts on “wholesale jewelry company formerly in evanston il Where is Mogao Grottoes”

Alton
November 15, 2022 at 8:40 pm

wholesale jewelry buford ga Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang is located 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. Mogao Grottoes, commonly known as Qianfo Cave, is located at Dunhuang at the west end of the Hexi Corridor. It was founded during the Sixteen Kingdoms's pre -Qin period, and after the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Northern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty, the Sui, the Tang Dynasty, the Fifth Dynasties, the Xixia, and the Yuan Dynasty.
It formed a huge scale, with 735 caves, 45,000 square meters of murals and 2415 clay sculpture color plastic. It is the biggest and most abundant Buddhist art venue in the world.
Millennium architectural image data shows a history of Chinese architecture. The precious thing is that the essence of Dunhuang's architectural materials reflects the appearance of the building from the Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties, and fills the gap between the lack of construction materials from the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty.
In addition, in different periods, more than 800 cave buildings with different shapes, five wooden cave eaves in the Tang and Song dynasties, and the pagoda of cave temples are precious building materials preserved from ancient times to the present.
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Calvin
November 15, 2022 at 8:40 pm

wholesale jewelries in lagos Help Editor's Encyclopedia
Mado Du Du's Taiyuan Wang's support is like Dunhuang murals including Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Xilinfo Caves, and Anxi Yulin Grottoes with 552 caves. There are more than 50,000 square meters of murals in the past. The most cave group, the content is very rich. Dunhuang murals are the main components of Dunhuang art, with huge scale and exquisite skills. The content of Dunhuang murals is colorful. Like other religious arts, it is a description of God's image, the activity of God, the relationship between God and God, and the relationship between God and man with the kind wishes of people to appease people's hearts. Therefore, the style of murals has a different characteristic from secular painting. However, any art stems from real life, and any art has its national tradition; therefore their forms are mostly based on common artistic language and expression skills, and have a common national style.

Catalogs

The main categories of Buddha statues
Themature painting
National traditional mythical theme n
Story painting
landscape painting
style characteristics
painting style 16 kingdoms and Northern Wei Dynasty style
Western Wei Dynasty style
During the style
Five generations and the early Northern Song Dynasty style
lines color
Foreign influence borrowed from foreign human anatomy
absorbing the western field blooming method
Phenomenon
Reason for discoloration
The main category Buddha statue of Dunhuang and Olympic
n decorative pattern drawing
Story painting
landscape painting
style characteristics
painting style Sixteen kingdoms and Northern Wei Dynasty style
Western Wei Dynasty style
R n The style of the Tang Dynasty
The style of the Five Dynasties and the early Northern Song Dynasty
Line color
Foreign influence drawing on foreign human anatomy n absorbing the Western Region Landy
n Reason for color change color Change phenomenon
cause of color change
Dunhuang and Olympic Games
The aesthetic name of Dunhuang murals Edit the main category of this paragraph
The Buddha statues
The as religious art, it It is the main part of the murals, including various Buddha statues ----------------- The Third Buddha, the Seventh Buddha, Shakya, Dabao Buddha, and Puxian Bodhisattva (at the end of the 8th century-9世纪初)rn贤劫千佛等；各种菩萨------文殊、普贤、观音、势至等；天龙八部------天王、龙王、夜叉、飞天、 Ashura, Galou Luo (Golden Wing Bird King), Loto (Lotte), Python God, etc. Most of these Buddha statues are painted in the diagram of the statement. There are 933 statements in Mogao Grottoes murals, and Buddha statues 12208 in various different expressions.
This of painting
The artistic forms of painting, literature, etc., are easy to understand Buddhist classics that are easy to understand. Use the painting method to express the classic content of the classic content of the West Queen Mother Mogao Grottoes at the top of the northern slope of the top of the cave at the top of the cave
The people are called "disguised", that is, the passage of the painting;
The national mythical theme
It in the cave in the late Northern Wei Dynasty, the mythical themes with Taoist thoughts appeared. At the top of the Western Wei Dynasty, except for the center of the center drawing lotus algae, the two -sided fool Wang Bawang Eight Section of Fang Shi opened the way. Suzaku, basalt, green dragon, and white tiger distribution. Fei Lian's wings and wind moved, Lei Gong's arm turned around, and the thunderstorm smashed the stone with iron diamonds.
The supporter portrait
Buels, Mid -Tang Dynasty Music Figure
is the person who believes in Buddhism to build a grotto. In order to show the devotion to the Buddha, they left the name of the future. When opening the statue, they painted themselves with their portraits of their families, relatives, slaves, and others. These portraits are called portraits of supporters.
The decorative pattern
The colorful decorative patterns are mainly used for the architectural decoration of the grotto, as well as tables, crown clothes and utensil decoration. Decorative patterns vary from time to time, ever -changing, and have superb painting skills and rich imagination. The patterns are mainly algae patterns, 椽图 patterns, and decorative patterns.
S story painting
In order to widely attract the masses and vigorously publicize the Buddhist Dharma, the abstract and esoteric Buddhist classic historical traces must be instilling the masses in the form of popular and image forms to call them worship. As a result, a large number of story paintings were drawn in the cave in the cave, so that the masses were educated in a subtle way during the process of watching. The story is rich in content, the plot is moving, the life is strong, and the attractive charm is. It can be divided into five categories. 1. The story of the Buddhism: It mainly preach the life of Shakyamuni. Many of them are the myths and folklore of ancient India. After several centuries of processing and modification, Buddhists are attached to Shakya. Generally, there are many scenes of "multiplied elephants" and "over the middle of the night". The Buddhist story of Cave 290 (Northern Zhou Dynasty) was tied for six rolled rolls, drawing in a sequential structure, a total of 87 pictures, depicting all the plots between Shakyamuni from birth to monks. Such a long -forming comic painting is rare in Chinese Buddhist stories. Nine -colored Lu Ben Sheng Story Painting Mogao Grottoes Cave 257 Northern Wei
2. The story of the story: refers to the vividness of various good deeds depicting Shakyamuni during his lifetime story. It is also a widely popular theme in Dunhuang's early murals, such as "Saju's Body Feds Tiger", "Corpse King Cut the Meat and Save Pigeons", "Jiudi Deer Saves and Saves", "Sudu Timing Cut Meats" and so on. Although they have been marked on religion, they still maintain the true nature of myths, fairy tales, and folk stories. 3. Due to the story of the story: This is the story of Buddhist disciples, good men and women, and Sakyamuni. The difference between the story of the life is: the story of the birth of the Shengshamuni during his lifetime; the cause of the Buddhist disciples, the good men and the woman's belief in the past life or this life. The main stories in the murals include "500 robbers into Buddhas", "Sami Shoujie Suicide", "Prince Prince Essence into the Sea" and so on. The content of the story is bizarre, the plot is twisted, and it is quite dramatic. Zhang Jian's envoy of the Western Regions
4. The story of Buddhist historical traces: refers to the story drawn based on historical records, including Buddhist traces, inductive stories, monks' deeds, Rui portrait, precepts, etc. Including historical figures and historical events, it is a Buddhist historical information. Most of these paintings are painted in the caves, the top of the martyrdom and the top of the corner. However, some are also painted on the front wall, such as "Zhang Jian's envoy of the Western Regions", "Buddha Tucheng" and "Liu San" in Cave 323. 5. Metaphorical story painting: This is the story listed by Buddhist teachings to Buddhist teachings in a simple and easy -to -understand manner to explain to Buddhist disciples, good men and women. Most of these stories are fables and fairy tales in ancient India and Southeast Asia. They have been collected and recorded in Buddhists in the Buddhist scriptures. The metaphorical stories in the Dunhuang murals include "Xianggu and Golden Elephant", "Golden Maosa Lion" and so on.
landscape painting
The landscape paintings in Dunhuang murals are covered with grottoes, with rich content and diverse forms. Most of them are integrated with transient paintings and story paintings to play a role of foil. Some are based on the landscapes in the Buddhist scriptures, referring to the realistic scenery and the superb imagination, depicting the beautiful and natural scenery of the "Bliss World" green mountains and green water, birds and flowers. "". In addition to the above seven categories, the content of the murals is also the building paintings, utensils, flower and bird painting, animal painting, etc., in addition to the above seven categories. The artistic value of Dunhuang murals is precious. It systematically reflects the historical appearance of the artistic style and its inheritance evolution of various periods in terms of structural layout, character modeling, line drawing, and color setting color. The above seven types of murals, except for decorative patterns, generally have the murals of the plot, especially after painting and story painting, which reflect a large number of real social life, such as: travel, banquet, interrogation, hunting, shaving, shaving, shaving , Ritual Buddha, etc.; Farming, hunting, fishing, pottery, iron smelting, slaughtering, cooking, construction, begging, etc.; There are also marriage, school, martial arts, song and dance, business travel, ethnic minorities, foreign messenger, foreign messenger, foreign messenger, foreign messenger Wait for various social activities. Therefore, Dunhuang Grottoes are not only a treasure trove of human art, but also a treasure trove of historical documents. Mogao Grottoes are one of the most precious historical documents such as Buddhist scriptures and documents with a large number of exquisite murals and countless vivid colored statues, and extremely precious a large number of precious Buddhist scriptures, documents and other precious historical documents.
In the characteristics of this paragraph
Parents' grace is transformed by the transformation
The image (Buddha, Bodhisattva, etc.) and the images of ordinary people (for the characters in the paintings of the characters and the characters in the story of the Dunhuang murals Divided. Both types of images are derived from real life) but each has different properties. In terms of shape. The vulgar image is full of life, and the characteristics of the times are also more vivid; while the image of the gods changes less, and the imagination and exaggeration are more. From the clothes of the clothes, most people are in the Central Plains Chinese, while the gods mostly maintain the exotic crown; they are also different, and the popular people mostly use the Central Plains halo method, and the gods are mostly bumps in the western region. All these are constantly changing with the time of the times. One of the issues that are closely related to styling are deformation. Dunhuang murals inherit the deformation of traditional painting, and cleverly shape a variety of characters, animals and plant images. Different times, different aesthetics, and different degrees and methods. Early deformation is large, more romantic ingredients, and the characteristics of the image are clear; after the Sui and Tang dynasties, the deformation is less, the three -dimensional sense is strong, and the realism is becoming increasingly strong. There are two ways of deformation: one is exaggeration and deformation. For example, the bodhisattva in the late Northern Wei Dynasty or during the Western Wei Dynasty greatly increased the length of the service, fingers and necks, and the bone was revealed. Bone rule ". Quan Gang Lishi is mostly exaggerated in horizontal, thickened limbs, shortened necks, his head is round belly, his eyebrows are eye -catching, emphasizing the health of your body and the power of the superpower. Both characters are exaggerated.
Editing this paragraph of painting style
The eras of Dunhuang murals are different, so the style is not consistent.
style of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Wei Dynasty
In early Dunhuang murals
The 16 kingdoms of the 16 kingdoms (such as 275, 254, 257 and other caves) Character shapes, outlined and focused on the expression methods of faint lines, and the form of decorating the substrate with red red and loose flower patterns, are obviously obviously painted by out -of -domain or Xinjiang.
The style of the Western Wei Dynasty
(249, 285, etc.) is absorbing traditional forms and incorporating more life plots and images into the creation of Buddhist murals. Usually the murals of this period are paved with white powder, drawing with vigorous threads and bright colors. On the whole, it seems that the traditional style of painting has been further developed in Dunhuang Buddhist art.
style of the Northern Zhou Dynasty
(290, 428, 299 and other caves) are usually comic of large -scale and Dharma stories. Elegant, although some skin is slightly three -dimensional, and still has the heritage of painting in the Western Regions, overall, from the image to the artistic style is the traditional painting of the Han nationality.
The style of the Tang Dynasty
The theme is very rich, which can be summarized as: pure land disguised, after changing story painting, Buddha, Bodhisattva, etc., to support people. The composition of Pure Land disguised uses the perspective of the building to cause a deep impression of space. The complex and rich picture is still very compact and complete. It is an important breakthrough in the development of painting art. It has been imitated, copied and passed on for a long time. The stories are represented by the images of zero and three -three -five caves. The content is rich and changeable, and the scene and plot are handled real and interesting. The statues of Buddhism and Bodhisattva in painting and carving are an important creation in Buddhist art in the Tang Dynasty. The movements and expressions of these images are more diverse than the previous generation. The vivid gesture, especially the image of the Bodhisattva of the Tang Dynasty, is an important example of the successful combination of ideals and reality in ancient art. The murals of the Tang Dynasty supporting people carefully depicting the basic content of the upper social life. The support of Lotting and his wife Wang's in the Tang Dynasty of 130 was like an excellent masterpiece. picture".
The style of the Five Dynasties and the early Northern Song Dynasty
Due to the history of Li Dunhuang murals
The history, Dunhuang art has been declining from the last climax, but the murals of the paintings of the new painting style of the Central Plains are still preserved to this day. The Northern Song Dynasty cave Before the extension cave was converted, the Song Dynasty murals were often covered with the Tang Dynasty or the Northern Wei murals. On both sides of the door of the previous generation caves, the five generations of Northern Song Dynasty were painted. size. In the "Labor Fighting Staff" in the 198th cave, the large -scale Mountain Maps of the Liuyi Cave showed the composition skills and the level of painting of landscape characters at that time.
Edit this segment of line color
lines and colors as the artistic language of traditional painting in my country, with high degree of generalization and expressiveness. n [1] The complicated character image. Dunhuang murals have fully inherited this tradition and developed into the needs of creating a new image. The starting line of murals is bold and free, strong and powerful. With a few red threads, a wild bison that Sakura Benz comes out of the wall; the refreshing wiring shows a group of lively expression of a group of hunters rushing to run for food; The dick (charcoal strip), the painting of the painting, obviously, is obviously a vivid and vivid white trace. In the inadvertent writing, it is often another kind of fun that is naturally revealed in the pen and ink. The fixed lines of Dunhuang murals are relatively rigorous. The early iron line drawing is smooth and smooth. It is used to express chic and beautiful characters, such as the gods and flying sky of the Western Wei Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty popular orchid leaf trails, the center was written, round, plump, sweaty, soft and rigid inside.
The influence of this paragraph of this paragraph
The Dunhuang murals had Chinese style and national style to varying degrees from the beginning, forming a Chinese -style Buddhist art with its own system. In this regard, ancient painters have made great achievements. It is commendable that on the basis of inheriting and carrying forward the national art traditions, their magnificent courage and strict attitude are used to learn from foreign art. The reference of Dunhuang murals on foreign art is mainly manifested in two aspects:
In the anatomy of foreign human body
If Dunhuang murals
It can be found that the tomb painting characters have more wide robes and big sleeves, and the shape is simple. And not signing for the human body, the symbolic decorative taste is strong; most of the characters in Dunhuang murals are mostly naked or naked, the description is detailed, the ratio of the human body ratio is more accurate, so the real sense is strong. At the same time, why was there such a big difference by Chinese painters? The fundamental reason is that Chinese painting and Western painting centered on Greece and Rome are the same as two different systems. China is known for its refreshment, and the West is known for its realism. Zhongyin painting is based on Confucian etiquette ideas, morality, ethical, wearing deep robes, deep -covered body, cage shape in the clothes, so the character's image does not see bone tendons, does not focus on three -dimensional sense, and emphasizes the "apartment shape shape shape. The symbolic decoration beauty of "sending meaning". The tomb painting of the sixteen nations of the Wei and Jin dynasties belongs to this system. The Dunhuang murals were directly affected by the content, form and expression of the turtle murals, and the turtle wall sparse was directly passed from India and Afghanistan. The Buddhist art of India and Afghanistan has already absorbed the nutrition of Western art. The Indian nation can be good at Europe, so the characters in the murals, especially the Bodhisattva, are moderate proportion, reasonable anatomy, beautiful posture, delicate hand, and truly expressing human beauty. This realistic technique is accepted by Dunfin painter, which greatly strengthens the rationality of the decrystation of mural characters, makes up for the lack of painting in Han and Jin, and has promoted the growth of new national style.
The absorption of the Western Region Landy
This painting at the beginning was not smudge at first. The two Han dynasties were red in the face of the characters on the face, in order to express the color of the Dunhuang mural
, although there was a certain three -dimensional sense, it was not strong. The characters in the Buddhist murals of the Western Regions are stained with Zhu Hong's body, deep and dark in the low places. This kind of innocence in India has changed in the Western Regions, and a light faint appeared; in Dunhuang, it has improved and fused with the national tradition. The face color of the face, and the three -dimensional new halo method, reaches extremely prosperous to the Tang Dynasty. Just as "the characters have eight sides, business activities" in the history of Wu Jinzi's murals in the history of painting, "the painting of Taozi is like a plastic." Therefore, Duan Chengjie admired Wu Huizi's painting "The wind and cloud will be funny, and the ghost and god should be taken off the wall." Such an image is everywhere in Dunhuang murals. This new halo method has promoted the continuous development and improvement of the realistic style of murals.
In Dunhuang catastrophe in this paragraph
Dunhuang robbery records at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, just as Western powers were divided into large blockbusters in the north and south of the Yangtze River, in the northwest of China, imperialist countries also began a plunder. Divide the competition of Chinese antiquities. At first, people did not know the depths of the desert and the broken caves and castles in the castle. In order to fight for or expand the scope of the sphere of influence in Xinjiang, the UK in India and the Tsar Russia who invaded the large land of Central Asia sent an adventure The team entered Xinjiang, such as the trustees of T.D.Forrsyth, Britain in 1870 and 1873, the Ronghe Peng (F.E.) expedition in Britain in 1887, in 1870 to 1885 The four adventures of Sky (N.M. PRZHEVAL'skii) organizations are all over many places in Xinjiang, Gansu, Mongolia, and Tibet. Plant military intelligence, understand local political conditions and surveying maps, explore the path, and lay the foundation for possible military operations in the future. In the Dunhuang murals of the UK
In 1889, a British captain named H.BOWER, in a waste pagoda near the car, accidentally got a group of Sanskrit Bayeho. Dr. R.A.F. HOERNLE, Sanskritist, identified this is the oldest Sanskrit writing book. Therefore, the important academic value of cultural relics unearthed in Xinjiang soon learned for the European academic community. At the same time, Dutreuil de Rhins, France's Dutreuil de Rhins, also bought the same ancient Luwen Beiye Ben from 1890 to 1895 in the Xinjiang Investigation from 1890 to 1895. Stimulated the increasingly prosperous Oriental studies in Europe. In 1899, Rome held the 12th International Oriental Scholars Conference. At the meeting, under the initiative of Russian scholar W.radloff, the "Central Asia and Far East History, Archeology, Language, and Race Exploration International Association" was established. Establish a branch to promote archeological investigations in northwestern China. Since then, various countries have sent inspections to enter the new, sweet, Mongolian, Tibetan regions, and take the ancient cultural relics in the indigenous ruins, ancient city ruins and Buddhist temple caves as their main purpose. Among them, the more famous are the Central Asian adventure from P.k.kozlov (P.k.kozlov) in Russia, especially his excavation of Black City, Black City, Nishi Ancient City near Kuyan in Gansu in 1908, M. A.STEIN) Three Central Asian Adventures from 1900-1901, 1906-1908, 1913-1915. He involved the most widely regional and the most harvested; Investigating, the ruins of the ancient country of Loulan were discovered; the Turpan survey team led by A. Grunwedel and A. Vonwedel (A. Grunwedel) and A. Von Le COQ, from 1902-1903, 1903-1905, 1905-1907 , 1913-1914 investigation and excavation, focusing on the north of Turku Basin and other Tarim Basin to the north along the oasis site of the Turpan Basin; Nurheim (C.G.E.) 1906-19o8 inspection; two Xinjiang, Gansu archeological surveys from 1909-1910, 1914-1915, and Japan Dagu Guangrui, from 1902-1904, 1908 to 1909, 1910 to 1914, was dispatched three times in the Central Asian Inspection Team. The countless ancient Chinese precious cultural relics were taken away by them and entered a library or museum hidden in various countries. In this catastrophe, the literature and cultural relics of the Dunhuang Tibetan Sutra did not escape their magic claws. The first foreign explorer who came to Dunhuang to steal Tibetan Cave Literature was Stanin, who was originally from Hungary and later worked in the Indian government in the UK. He was an archaeologist, but he did not understand Chinese. It has been excavated in many ancient sites such as Hetian, Niya, Loulan and other places along the south of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang. A large number of cultural relics and ancient writing books were stolen, and there were quite a lot of conspiracy tricks. As early as 1902, Stan Yin heard from his fellow friends and Hungarian local quality scholar Lajos.loczy, and heard of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes

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