5 thoughts on “If you want to know which book should you read in the 19th century customs and people in Europe?”
Darren
Washington Owen's "See and Hear Notes" is good. Sechics of European Literature (Volume 2): European civilization in the 19th century, this is not/book/1292807 Nineteenth century painting art translator: (love) George Moore with Sun Yixue n Introduction This book is the crystallization of George Moore's ten -year painting in Paris. It is his comprehensive evaluation of his works, life, and style of famous painters in the 19th century. Le, Xia Fanna, Miller, Monet, Angel, Corro, Bishara, etc. In addition, the book also studied the organization of art, the relationship between art and science, the national nature in art , Religion, loyalty of art, sex in art, new art criticism, etc. in art; another important part of the book is to introduce the then artistic business activities at the time, such as the relationship between painting and sponsors, the new British new British New The relationship between the art club and the creation of artists. The book is rich in content and involves many characters and art activities. Not only can readers understand the art works of great painters in the 19th century, but they can also understand the colorful stories behind each work. This is the 19th -century painting history in the eyes of a writer. Among them, there are many vivid and interesting descriptions and a clear and unique history of the world. The total history of the region will change its nature if it is divided and divided, just as water is decomposed into its chemical components, it will no longer become water, but hydrogen and oxygen.
Jeffrey Paleclaf
The main feature is that the main feature is: the world is the world rather than a country or region History; pay attention to the entire human beings, not limited to Westerners or non -Western people. The point of view of this book is just like an observer of the live moon formed by the overall view of our sphere. Therefore, it is different from the viewers living in London or Paris, Beijing or Delhi. . The purpose of world history The method of global deep cable for history is a new starting point for modern history compilation. From the era of enlightenment in the eighteenth century, historical research has paid attention to the history of the country, and does not pay attention to human history. However, in recent years, the globality of major events in contemporary events has become increasingly significant, and people's interest in world history has also increased greatly. Because astronauts can fly around the earth for a few hours, or even board the moon, because the number of articles about Asian and Africa published in the report is not less than articles about Europe and the United States, people are increasingly realized that the vision of observation history is increasingly aware of the vision of observation history It must be expanded. To understand this "one -whole" world, studying world history is obviously essential. However, the reason why people are committed to world history is not just because of its practical value. It is also important that human history has the basic unity that must be neglected from the beginning, and must be acknowledged. To accurately understand the history of the West or the history of non -Western, no global perspective that contains the two is that the knowledge of the two is not good. It has a significant role in determining the process of human calendar. does, this interaction was intermittent and insignificant before Columbus and Da Gamma conducting the sea adventure. Columbus, Da Gamma, and successors have made direct exchanges in various regions of the world in just decades. This kind of exchanges have become increasingly frequent and have continued to this day. On the contrary, all human society before 1500 was in a state of isolating each other. However, this occlusion state is never absolute. As early as the long thousands of years before the European geography discovery, the various parts of humans have actually affected each other, but there is a huge difference in the degree of influence with the historical period and geographical location. This book discusses the historical period before 1500, and the theme of this book is essentially reduced by the detailed situation of the mutual influence of human beings during this period. After 1500, due to the increasingly strengthened connection between human beings and the continuous development of transportation, the entire earth has become increasingly reduced by acceleration. Now, it is actually called "spacecraft -style earth" or "earth village". . The structure of world history If world history is a common history of all human beings, then such a problem: Can we teach world history in the classroom? Some people often express such a view. According to its definition, the history of world history is included in all countries and regions. It contains the content of it is too high, so it is not suitable to teach in the classroom. Some people also point out that it is difficult to deal with the history of western civilization alone. How can we also include the history of civilization in other regions such as China, India and the Middle East? Of course, there is only one "can't" answer. It can only be said that the world history that is defined is obviously unable to teach in the classroom. However, the above definition is not accurate and is really misunderstood. Just as Western history is not the sum of the history of Western countries, and world history is not the sum of various civilizations in the world. If studies in Western civilization must be inspected one by one to examine the history of the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Balkans, Balkans, and other countries and regions, then this study will obviously not work. But in fact, this study is feasible, because we cannot adopt the method of accumulating wooden types, but we should focus on those historical power or historical movements that have influenced the entire West, such as Christianity, Islam, Cross East invasion, Renaissance, religious reform, French revolution, science and industrial revolution, and so on. The same is true for studying world history. However, the stage of world history is global rather than a certain region. Therefore, research focus should be placed on those movements with global influence. For example, in the era of Paleolithic, humans appeared on the African continent and gradually spread to Eurasia, Australia and North and South America. In the Neolithic era, agriculture made decisive progress, and then produced metal manufacturing and various other technologies, which led to the emergence of urban life and civilization. These technologies originated in the Middle East and spread to the four weeks, thus developing the great civilizations of Eurasia, including Chinese civilization, Indian civilization, Middle East civilization, and European civilization. Although these civilizations, such as some powerful, cross -regional historical forces, such as Greek culture, Christianity, Jiao religion, and multiple invasions of the Nomads from the Prairie in the Central Eurasia, he has different degrees of influence, but for thousands of years Come, their development has always been parallel and independent. After 1500, this balance state in Eurasia was gradually replaced by the global integration state contributed by the emerging Western. This integration state developed to its peak in the 19th century, which led to unprecedented world hegemony. The history of the 20th century is essentially a history of opposition to world hegemony. It is the rapid spread of Western technology and ideas forcing people to explore a history of a new world balance. The above is a brief explanation of the basic principles and structure of world history. . The world history and geography It, as world history is usually considered to be the sum of the history of civilization in the world, and the world's historical geography is also considered to be the sum of the geography of major continents on the surface of the earth. In fact; the latter view is the same as the former, which is mechanical and a solution. Dividing the earth into a traditional method of several mainlands may be useful for students who study geographical geography, but it does not make much sense for students who study world history. Just as the structure of world history requires us to focus on those historical movements that have a significant impact on human development, world historical geography also requires us to focus on the areas of those historical movements. If this is done, we will find that there is a land in the world that has a unique and arbitrary status in the world. This is Eurasia -it has always been the true heart of the world history since the Neolithic era. Eurasia covers two -tenths on the surface of land and land, and its population is 9 tenths of the world's population. The most advanced and lasting civilization of human beings developed there. To a large extent, it can be said that the history of human beings is the history of various civilized areas of Eurasia. rn欧亚大陆的地位何以会如此优越，其主要原因，也许可用著名人类学家弗朗兹•博亚兹的观点来说明： rn人类的历史证明，一个社会集团，其The progress of culture often depends on whether it has the opportunity to learn the experience of neighboring social groups. The various discoveries obtained by a social group can be passed on to other social groups; the more diverse exchanges between each other, the more opportunities to learn from each other. Generally speaking, the most primitive tribe of culture is the tribes that have been isolated from the world for a long time. Therefore, they cannot gain benefits from the cultural achievements achieved by neighboring tribes. If in other words, if other geographical factors are the same, the key to human beings' progress lies in the approximation of each nation. Those ethnic groups that have the most chance to influence with other nations are most likely to achieve rapid development. In fact, the environment has also forced them to develop rapidly, because they face not only opportunities for development, but also the pressure of being eliminated. If you can't use the opportunity of mutual influence to develop, this approximation will often bring the danger of being assimilated or eliminated. On the contrary, those nations in the occasion of occlusion have not been promoted by foreign existences, nor have foreign threats. Therefore, the stress of elimination is not existed to them. Not endangering its survival. Maland ethnic groups are obviously the main beneficiary of this principle. Eurasia's geographical environment allows them to approach each other. Therefore, for a long time, with the advancement of science and technology, the exchanges between the Eurasias are increasingly convenient. threaten. This in Eurasia is vast, and it is impossible to think of it as a geographical unit. Therefore, it must be divided into the regions of the Eurasian mainland. It is also impossible to divide Eurasia into Europe and Asia. This division is geographically and historically a solution. Geographically, Europe and Asia are obviously neither equal nor compared. Open the map and see at a glance that Europe is just a peninsula in Europe and Asia. For example, it is equivalent to the Indian Peninsula. Historically, Europe is not as good as Asia, but it can only be compared with another civilization center in Eurasia, such as India. Regardless of the complexity of regional, the number and types of residents, or culture and historical traditions, it can be clearly seen that Europe and India are extremely similar. Therefore, from the perspective of world history, it should not be regarded as consisting of the two continents of Europe and Asia, but it should be regarded as the Middle East, India, China, Europe and Eurasia. Five losses are composed of far -reaching historical significance. The fertile river basin and plains in the four regions of the Middle East, India, China and Europe have bred the greatest civilization in history. These civilizations make Eurasia a world historical center with a major role. To be more clear, the Civilization Center in the Middle East includes the Nile River Basin, the Dagris River and the Euphraphon River Basin and the Civilization Center of the Gaofeng India in Iran are located in the Indian River Basin and the Ganges River Basin; the center of China is the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin; In the northern coast of the Mediterranean -this area from the Minos culture to the end of the Middle Ages, it has always occupied obvious advantages in economics and culture. It should be explained that European Europe includes North Africa. Because North Africa's connection with Europe and the Middle East in history, compare the connection with the Sahara desert, south of the natural barrier, is much more close to. Therefore, the word "Africa" in this book only refers to Africa south of Sahara Desert. The grassland in the central Eurasian continent has endless grasslands, extending from the northeast of the east to Hungary in the West. It provides a land passage for various civilized centers stretched out of the edge of Eurasia. The nomads who feed on the prairie always rush their shepherds, migrate everywhere, and prepare at any time. As soon as they have the opportunity, they will seize the wealth of Beijing, Delhi, Baghdad and Rome. The fertile Great River Basin and the plain created the ancient core civilization of Eurasia, and the principles of Grass facilitated the contact and connection between these civilizations. This kind of connection sometimes takes peace, that is, through the channels of land trade; sometimes the way of rushing, that is, the nomadic tribes in the barren inland areas continue to rob the wealthy foreign regions that make them saliva. Therefore, the history of Eurasia is basically formed in the process of interaction between nomadic tribes and settlement civilization. The continuous plunder from the Nomads often causes a strong tribal migration movement involving a wide range of scope. This plunder not only has great destructiveness, but also has an innovative effect. It will sweep the declined dynasty, rigid system and old customs, and introduce new nations, technology and ideas, so it to a large extent determines the development of the history of Europe and Asia. The history of Eurasia before 1500 was divided into ancient times, classical and medieval periods -this is the three major historical periods to be studied by this volume. The main turning point in these three historical periods is generally due to the plunder activities of the nomadic tribes. The non -Eurasian world consists of three continents: Africa, North and South America, and Australia. According to the principle of approximation, their disadvantages are obvious compared to Eurasia. They have not established any connection with each other. Only Africa and Eurasia have had a relationship with the Eurasia. However, due to the difficult geographical barriers between Africa and Eurasia and the African natives, their influence between them is intermittent and minimal. However, the progress of Africans has indeed rely on foreign promotion to a large extent, such as the introduction of agriculture, iron purification technology, new plants and animals, and so on. Therefore, in the Middle Ages, in the Sudan zone adjacent to the southern Sahara Desert, Africans could establish one empire one after another. These empires can be compared with the European empires in some aspects. In comparison, the development of the American Indians has been greatly hindered, because they have been completely isolated from the world after 15,000 years ago, after crossing the sea from northeast Asia to the Americas. Although they have developed impressive civilizations in Mexico, China and the United States, and Peru, the overall development level cannot be compared with Africans. The indigenous residents of the Australian Ranians live on the distant islands and completely isolated from the mainland for 30,000 years. Therefore, they have the most obstacles in the development process. They all stayed in the food collection stage and formed a clear contrast to the situation of Africans and the Americans. In addition to the Ho Tun Governor and You, the Africans are also in the food collection stage, and a huge empire has been established in the Sudan area; although the United States Indians still have some food collectors in California and Huadi Island, they are in other places. There are advanced Aztec civilization, Inca civilization and Mayan civilization. In fact, the isolation state caused by the South Pacific to Australia not only hinders the development of human culture, but also allows some ancient animals and plants such as eucalyptus plants, single -hole animals and bags of animal animals to survive. The high -level civilization, Africa and North and South America with a long history of Eurasia, Africa and North and South America, and the production level of the universal and single old stone in Australia -Australian The human society encountered during the adventure is extremely different. The global pattern determines the structure of this book. In the era before 1500, the focus of the civilization of Eurasia is the focus of the Eurasian civilization, because the civilization of Eurasia was the most advanced civilization at that time and the most contributed to human development in thousands of years. Therefore, the second, third, and fourth editing of this book discusses the development process of the civilization of Eurasia, and the fifth editor will outline the development of the non -Eurasian world
The introduction of this book Essence (Although it is full) Baidu Encyclopedia is available, and the origin of the information. Very good, try Baidu Encyclopedia in the future! (How do I think I want to be a pinch of advertising ~~~~)
World General History The Introduction: The nature of world history ... World history is not just the sum of the history of the world. If it is divided and divided, it will change its nature. It becomes its chemical ingredients, and it is no longer into water, but is hydrogen and oxygen.
Jeffrey Paleclaf
The main feature is that the main feature is: the world is the world rather than a country or region History; pay attention to the entire human beings, not limited to Westerners or non -Western people. The point of view of this book is just like an observer of the live moon formed by the overall view of our sphere. Therefore, it is different from the viewers living in London or Paris, Beijing or Delhi. . The purpose of world history The method of global deep cable for history is a new starting point for modern history compilation. From the era of enlightenment in the eighteenth century, historical research has paid attention to the history of the country, and does not pay attention to human history. However, in recent years, the globality of major events in contemporary events has become increasingly significant, and people's interest in world history has also increased greatly. Because astronauts can fly around the earth for a few hours, or even board the moon, because the number of articles about Asian and Africa published in the report is not less than articles about Europe and the United States, people are increasingly realized that the vision of observation history is increasingly aware of the vision of observation history It must be expanded. To understand this "one -whole" world, studying world history is obviously essential. However, the reason why people are committed to world history is not just because of its practical value. It is also important that human history has the basic unity that must be neglected from the beginning, and must be acknowledged. To accurately understand the history of the West or the history of non -Western, no global perspective that contains the two is that the knowledge of the two is not good. It has a significant role in determining the process of human calendar. does, this interaction was intermittent and insignificant before Columbus and Da Gamma conducting the sea adventure. Columbus, Da Gamma, and successors have made direct exchanges in various regions of the world in just decades. This kind of exchanges have become increasingly frequent and have continued to this day. On the contrary, all human society before 1500 was in a state of isolating each other. However, this occlusion state is never absolute. As early as the long thousands of years before the European geography discovery, the various parts of humans have actually affected each other, but there is a huge difference in the degree of influence with the historical period and geographical location. This book discusses the historical period before 1500, and the theme of this book is essentially reduced by the detailed situation of the mutual influence of human beings during this period. After 1500, due to the increasingly strengthened connection between human beings and the continuous development of transportation, the entire earth has become increasingly reduced by acceleration. Now, it is actually called "spacecraft -style earth" or "earth village". . The structure of world history If world history is a common history of all human beings, then such a problem: Can we teach world history in the classroom? Some people often express such a view. According to its definition, the history of world history is included in all countries and regions. It contains the content of it is too high, so it is not suitable to teach in the classroom. Some people also point out that it is difficult to deal with the history of western civilization alone. How can we also include the history of civilization in other regions such as China, India and the Middle East? Of course, there is only one "can't" answer. It can only be said that the world history that is defined is obviously unable to teach in the classroom. However, the above definition is not accurate and is really misunderstood. Just as Western history is not the sum of the history of Western countries, and world history is not the sum of various civilizations in the world. If studies in Western civilization must be inspected one by one to examine the history of the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Balkans, Balkans, and other countries and regions, then this study will obviously not work. But in fact, this study is feasible, because we cannot adopt the method of accumulating wooden types, but we should focus on those historical power or historical movements that have influenced the entire West, such as Christianity, Islam, Cross East invasion, Renaissance, religious reform, French revolution, science and industrial revolution, and so on. The same is true for studying world history. However, the stage of world history is global rather than a certain region. Therefore, research focus should be placed on those movements with global influence. For example, in the era of Paleolithic, humans appeared on the African continent and gradually spread to Eurasia, Australia and North and South America. In the Neolithic era, agriculture made decisive progress, and then produced metal manufacturing and various other technologies, which led to the emergence of urban life and civilization. These technologies originated in the Middle East and spread to the four weeks, thus developing the great civilizations of Eurasia, including Chinese civilization, Indian civilization, Middle East civilization, and European civilization. Although these civilizations, such as some powerful, cross -regional historical forces, such as Greek culture, Christianity, Jiao religion, and multiple invasions of the Nomads from the Prairie in the Central Eurasia, he has different degrees of influence, but for thousands of years Come, their development has always been parallel and independent. After 1500, this balance state in Eurasia was gradually replaced by the global integration state contributed by the emerging Western. This integration state developed to its peak in the 19th century, which led to unprecedented world hegemony. The history of the 20th century is essentially a history of opposition to world hegemony. It is the rapid spread of Western technology and ideas forcing people to explore a history of a new world balance. The above is a brief explanation of the basic principles and structure of world history. . The world history and geography It, as world history is usually considered to be the sum of the history of civilization in the world, and the world's historical geography is also considered to be the sum of the geography of major continents on the surface of the earth. In fact; the latter view is the same as the former, which is mechanical and a solution. Dividing the earth into a traditional method of several mainlands may be useful for students who study geographical geography, but it does not make much sense for students who study world history. Just as the structure of world history requires us to focus on those historical movements that have a significant impact on human development, world historical geography also requires us to focus on the areas of those historical movements. If this is done, we will find that there is a land in the world that has a unique and arbitrary status in the world. This is Eurasia -it has always been the true heart of the world history since the Neolithic era. Eurasia covers two -tenths on the surface of land and land, and its population is 9 tenths of the world's population. The most advanced and lasting civilization of human beings developed there. To a large extent, it can be said that the history of human beings is the history of various civilized areas of Eurasia. rn欧亚大陆的地位何以会如此优越，其主要原因，也许可用著名人类学家弗朗兹•博亚兹的观点来说明： rn人类的历史证明，一个社会集团，其The progress of culture often depends on whether it has the opportunity to learn the experience of neighboring social groups. The various discoveries obtained by a social group can be passed on to other social groups; the more diverse exchanges between each other, the more opportunities to learn from each other. Generally speaking, the most primitive tribe of culture is the tribes that have been isolated from the world for a long time. Therefore, they cannot gain benefits from the cultural achievements achieved by neighboring tribes. If in other words, if other geographical factors are the same, the key to human beings' progress lies in the approximation of each nation. Those ethnic groups that have the most chance to influence with other nations are most likely to achieve rapid development. In fact, the environment has also forced them to develop rapidly, because they face not only opportunities for development, but also the pressure of being eliminated. If you can't use the opportunity of mutual influence to develop, this approximation will often bring the danger of being assimilated or eliminated. On the contrary, those nations in the occasion of occlusion have not been promoted by foreign existences, nor have foreign threats. Therefore, the stress of elimination is not existed to them. Not endangering its survival. Maland ethnic groups are obviously the main beneficiary of this principle. Eurasia's geographical environment allows them to approach each other. Therefore, for a long time, with the advancement of science and technology, the exchanges between the Eurasias are increasingly convenient. threaten. This in Eurasia is vast, and it is impossible to think of it as a geographical unit. Therefore, it must be divided into the regions of the Eurasian mainland. It is also impossible to divide Eurasia into Europe and Asia. This division is geographically and historically a solution. Geographically, Europe and Asia are obviously neither equal nor compared. Open the map and see at a glance that Europe is just a peninsula in Europe and Asia. For example, it is equivalent to the Indian Peninsula. Historically, Europe is not as good as Asia, but it can only be compared with another civilization center in Eurasia, such as India. Regardless of the complexity of regional, the number and types of residents, or culture and historical traditions, it can be clearly seen that Europe and India are extremely similar. Therefore, from the perspective of world history, it should not be regarded as consisting of the two continents of Europe and Asia, but it should be regarded as the Middle East, India, China, Europe and Eurasia. Five losses are composed of far -reaching historical significance. The fertile river basin and plains in the four regions of the Middle East, India, China and Europe have bred the greatest civilization in history. These civilizations make Eurasia a world historical center with a major role. To be more clear, the Civilization Center in the Middle East includes the Nile River Basin, the Dagris River and the Euphraphon River Basin and the Civilization Center of the Gaofeng India in Iran are located in the Indian River Basin and the Ganges River Basin; the center of China is the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin; In the northern coast of the Mediterranean -this area from the Minos culture to the end of the Middle Ages, it has always occupied obvious advantages in economics and culture. It should be explained that European Europe includes North Africa. Because North Africa's connection with Europe and the Middle East in history, compare the connection with the Sahara desert, south of the natural barrier, is much more close to. Therefore, the word "Africa" in this book only refers to Africa south of Sahara Desert. The grassland in the central Eurasian continent has endless grasslands, extending from the northeast of the east to Hungary in the West. It provides a land passage for various civilized centers stretched out of the edge of Eurasia. The nomads who feed on the prairie always rush their shepherds, migrate everywhere, and prepare at any time. As soon as they have the opportunity, they will seize the wealth of Beijing, Delhi, Baghdad and Rome. The fertile Great River Basin and the plain created the ancient core civilization of Eurasia, and the principles of Grass facilitated the contact and connection between these civilizations. This kind of connection sometimes takes peace, that is, through the channels of land trade; sometimes the way of rushing, that is, the nomadic tribes in the barren inland areas continue to rob the wealthy foreign regions that make them saliva. Therefore, the history of Eurasia is basically formed in the process of interaction between nomadic tribes and settlement civilization. The continuous plunder from the Nomads often causes a strong tribal migration movement involving a wide range of scope. This plunder not only has great destructiveness, but also has an innovative effect. It will sweep the declined dynasty, rigid system and old customs, and introduce new nations, technology and ideas, so it to a large extent determines the development of the history of Europe and Asia. The history of Eurasia before 1500 was divided into ancient times, classical and medieval periods -this is the three major historical periods to be studied by this volume. The main turning point in these three historical periods is generally due to the plunder activities of the nomadic tribes. The non -Eurasian world consists of three continents: Africa, North and South America, and Australia. According to the principle of approximation, their disadvantages are obvious compared to Eurasia. They have not established any connection with each other. Only Africa and Eurasia have had a relationship with the Eurasia. However, due to the difficult geographical barriers between Africa and Eurasia and the African natives, their influence between them is intermittent and minimal. However, the progress of Africans has indeed rely on foreign promotion to a large extent, such as the introduction of agriculture, iron purification technology, new plants and animals, and so on. Therefore, in the Middle Ages, in the Sudan zone adjacent to the southern Sahara Desert, Africans could establish one empire one after another. These empires can be compared with the European empires in some aspects. In comparison, the development of the American Indians has been greatly hindered, because they have been completely isolated from the world after 15,000 years ago, after crossing the sea from northeast Asia to the Americas. Although they have developed impressive civilizations in Mexico, China and the United States, and Peru, the overall development level cannot be compared with Africans. The indigenous residents of the Australian Ranians live on the distant islands and completely isolated from the mainland for 30,000 years. Therefore, they have the most obstacles in the development process. They all stayed in the food collection stage and formed a clear contrast to the situation of Africans and the Americans. In addition to the Ho Tun Governor and You, the Africans are also in the food collection stage, and a huge empire has been established in the Sudan area; although the United States Indians still have some food collectors in California and Huadi Island, they are in other places. There are advanced Aztec civilization, Inca civilization and Mayan civilization. In fact, the isolation state caused by the South Pacific to Australia not only hinders the development of human culture, but also allows some ancient animals and plants such as eucalyptus plants, single -hole animals and bags of animal animals to survive. The high -level civilization, Africa and North and South America with a long history of Eurasia, Africa and North and South America, and the production level of the universal and single old stone in Australia -Australian The human society encountered during the adventure is extremely different. The global pattern determines the structure of this book. In the era before 1500, the focus of the civilization of Eurasia is the focus of the Eurasian civilization, because the civilization of Eurasia was the most advanced civilization at that time and the most contributed to human development in thousands of years. Therefore, the second, third, and fourth editing of this book discusses the development process of the civilization of Eurasia, and the fifth editor will outline the development of the non -Eurasian world
The introduction of this book Essence (Although it is full) Baidu Encyclopedia is available, and the origin of the information. Very good, try Baidu Encyclopedia in the future! (How do I think I want to be a pinch of advertising ~~~~)
Nineteenth century painting art translator: (love) George Moore with Sun Yixue
content profile He comprehensively evaluated the works, life, and style of famous painters in the 19th century, mainly the Impressionist painter, involving Whistler, Xia Fanna, Mallo, Monet, Angel, Corro, Picharo, etc. The book also studied the organization of art, the relationship between art and science, the national nature in art, the religious loyalty, the sex of the art, the sex of the art, the new art criticism, etc. in art, etc. An important part was to introduce artistic business activities at the time, such as the relationship between painting and sponsors, the relationship between the new art clubs in the UK and the creation of artists. The book is rich in content and involves many characters and art activities. Not only can readers understand the art works of great painters in the 19th century, but they can also understand the colorful stories behind each work. This is the 19th -century painting history in the eyes of a writer, including vivid and interesting descriptions and clear and unique artistic views.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- rn作者简介rn乔治· Moore (1852-1933), an Irish writer, a genius who never co-produced with the times. He studied painting in France and was deeply influenced by naturalism. His masterpieces include "A Young Man's Confession", "Erotl and Abella", "Memories of My Dead Life", "Enley Street Talk" and many other outstanding works.
Book reviews
This is George Moore's literary summary of the 19th century painting art, especially Impressionist painting art. Based on his experience in Paris, he used the artist he was in contact with the artistic movements of France and the entire European and the entire European art movement as the core. And the purpose of art, as well as the origin, development and style of various major artistic movements. Among them, there are both passion and difficulty, as well as a symbolic imagery of obscure and unsolvable, which makes the book like a stream that winds in the mountains, there is always a mystery that is endless. The book is rich in content and involves many characters and art activities. Not only can readers understand the art works of great painters in the 19th century, but they can also understand the colorful stories behind each work. This is the 19th -century painting history in the eyes of a writer, including vivid and interesting descriptions and clear and unique artistic views.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- rn目录rnr n prefusion Chapter 1 Whistler Chapter 2 Xia Fanna, Miller and Mayani The failure of the 19th century n Chapter 4 France and Britain's Art Education Chapter 5 Angel and Corro Chapter 6 Monet, Sisla, Bishara and Decade School Chapter 7 Our Academicians No. 1 Chapter 8 Art Organization Chapter 9 Arts and Science Chapter 10 Art and Angels Article 11 Art Lenua Chapter 13 Municipal Officials Chapter 14 Art Faith Chapter 15 Camera in Art Chapter A Great Artist Chapter 18 Art of Art Chapter 19 Arts n Chapter 20: Exhibition of Mr. Steel (1892) r r r r r Chapter 21 Claude Monet Chapter 22 Notes Chapter 23 New Art Criticism Chapter 24: Italy in history Chapter Twenty -five Dega Film Directory
The love of the nineteenth century -Volkswagen Chinese Translation Boutique n "On Love" is the famous psychological psychology of the world Wenhao Sida Analysis monograph. The author conducted a durable and synchronized inspection of the topic of love from the aspects of philosophy, psychology, sociology, and proposed a unique and systematic love theory. The book records the author's own love experience and deep life. Philosophy, delicate psychological analysis, and real personalized experience in one furnace are the immortal works of the world literary world.
In after being rejected by Meteld's rigorous resignation, Sitangda wrote this book in extreme disappointment. This work is completely opposite to Leng Bingbing. After many reasoning, concealment, examples, motto, anecdotes, and classification, people can pursue Bell's mind. But I still stay behind the truth: this book is better than the novel. This is the opposite and background of the novel. Here you can find what disappeared in the novel. Therefore, to be precise, this is a underground treasure in the novel. This is a box full of diamonds. Various diamonds of love are inside, but these diamonds are not placed according to the classification of jewelry, but are placed scattered. Love was fully described. -French critic Cato
The content profile "The Love of the Nineteenth Century" can be said to be a box full of various love diamonds. A person with a delicate spiritual and rich aesthetic, cultural and moral cultivation, when reviewing this box, will experience the complex and mysterious emotions of love, produce many vivid and exciting associations, so as to obtain one The joy of returning to the whole load. This will also understand why Steashida is a generation of "psychological analysis masters". Stangda "enumerates a large number of subtle differences" in this book. He believes that this is the value of this book. He divided love into four types: passion, love, love, vanity love, and physical love, and the generation of love was divided into seven stages, and then he expanded his analysis and thinking of love with a lot of space. He has a detailed analysis of the various delicate emotions of men and women in love, such as impulse, obsession, arrogance, solemn, self -esteem, doubt, jealousy, loss, etc. The influence has been conducted in -depth discussion, such as French love, Spanish love, Italian love, German love, American love, and various nations in various countries. Due to the different geographical and social environment, its love life also presents Different traits. The as Jean Detell said, "The Love of the Nineteenth Century" is not a "cold, preaching theory", it is a collection of essays for Steashi to think about love. Tang Da is full of passionate rational thinking, and at the same time, Stepa's narrative of love stories. Reading this book will enhance your deeper understanding of Sitangda's works.
This Introduction The translator Liu Yang, a native of Taizhou, Jiangsu, is a doctorate in literature. culture. Now published eight translations such as "Rousseau's Self-Selected Book Collection" and "Lu Andreyas Sale Mei".
Directory translator preface Preface Preface one Preface two
n Chapter 1 True Love The Chapter III On the Birth of Love The Chapter III Exposes Hope The seven stages of love Chapter 5 Fun Love and Love and Passionate Love Chapter 6 of the branch of Salzburg Chapter 7 The difference between the birth of gender love Chapter 8 Discussion Chapter 10 Crystal Examples Chapter 11 Beauty, Sex and Love Chapter 12 Theory of Crystal (continued) n Chapter 14 Discussing Emotional Impulse Chapter 15 Imagination brings hope Chapter 16 Music and Love Chapter 17 The beauty Chapter 18 Mei and Ugly Chapter 19 Research on Midea Limited Factors The lost The Chapter 21 On the first impression 22 Charter obsessed Chapter 23 Talks at first sight Chapter 24 In a strange national travel Introduction to Chapter 15 Chapter 26 On the solemnity Chapter 27 On Emotional Love Chapter 28 Discussing women's arrogance Chapter 29 On the courage of women Sad Scenery Chapter 31: Selected Diary of Salvia Chapter 32 Turches Intimacy The meaning of doubt n 34 Chapters Discussing Private Love Chapter 35 On Jealousy Chapter 36 On Jealousy (Continue) Chapter 37 "Rock Chana" No. 1 Chapter 38 Discuss the self -esteem of injury Chapter 39 (1) Love in the quarrel (2) Love Disease Therapy (3) Love Disease Therapy (continued) Volume 2 The Chapter 40 Theory of Quality and Government Impact Chapter 41 Discuss the Love Life of Various Nations France ) Chapter 43 On Italy Chapter 44 Rome Chapter 45 On the United Kingdom n Chapter 47 On Spain Chapter 48 Discuss Germany's Love Chapter 49 Florence One Day Chapter 50 American Love Fifth Eleven Chapter 1328 Northern Barbarians conquered the love of Provence in front of Toulouse Chapter 52 12th Century Provence Fifth 3 on Arabia Chapter 54 On Women's Education Chapter 55 of the objection to women's education Chapter 56 (1) Objury to women's education (continued) (2) Marriage Fifty 50 Chapter Seven Discussing so -called virtue Chapter 58 Marriage — State in Europe Chapter 59 Vitt and Don Jun Chapter 60 Losses (Unpublished) n simple women's arrogance Ancient love The debate between honest people and academician academician The thought of mystery Romantic demeanor Father A conversation with Zi Zi 1787 supplementation Love court 12 century love criterion modes about the god of Andrei The branches of Salzburg nOnnetina, also known as the birth of love The example of love of love in France Themissions of translations
[De] Fuks: "History of European Weathematics • Merry Century", translated by Hou Huanyi, Liaoning Education Press, 2000 edition. [German] Fuks: "European Weathematics History • Renaissance Times", translated by Hou Huanyi, Liaoning Education Press, 2000 edition. [Germany] Forkos: "The Worship of Love -Age of the Monarch", translated by Sun Xiaoning, China Badwide Press, 2003 edition. [Germany] Forkos: "Love of Love -Bourgeois Age", translated by Sun Xiaoning, China Blind Publishing House, 2003 edition. [German] The door of Richam Devyl: "Modern European Life: Religion, Witchcraft, Enlightenment Movement", translated by Wang Yaping, Oriental Publishing House, 2005 edition. [German] The door of Richam Devyl: "Modern Europe: Village and City", translated by Wang Yaping, Oriental Publishing House, 2005 edition. [method] Voltaire: "Customs Theory", translated by Liang Shouyi, Business Press, 1997 edition. [beauty] Will Du Lan: "History of World Civilization", translated by young lion culture company, (upper, middle and lower) Oriental Press, 1999 edition.
This book is the crystallization of George Moore's ten -year learning painting in Paris. It is his comprehensive evaluation of his works, life, and styles of famous painters in the 19th century. Monet, Angel, Corro, Bishara, etc. In addition, the book also studied the organization of art, the relationship between art and science, the national nature in art, the religion, and the loyalty of the art in art , Sex, new art criticism, etc.; another important part of the book was introduced to the artistic business activities of the time, such as the relationship between painting and sponsors, the newly emerged in the UK and the relationship between artists and artists' creation Wait. The book is rich in content and involves many characters and art activities. Not only can readers understand the art works of great painters in the 19th century, but they can also understand the colorful stories behind each work. This is the 19th -century painting history in the eyes of a writer, including vivid and interesting descriptions and clear and unique artistic views.
Washington Owen's "See and Hear Notes" is good.
Sechics of European Literature (Volume 2): European civilization in the 19th century, this is not/book/1292807 Nineteenth century painting art
translator: (love) George Moore with Sun Yixue
n
Introduction
This book is the crystallization of George Moore's ten -year painting in Paris. It is his comprehensive evaluation of his works, life, and style of famous painters in the 19th century. Le, Xia Fanna, Miller, Monet, Angel, Corro, Bishara, etc. In addition, the book also studied the organization of art, the relationship between art and science, the national nature in art , Religion, loyalty of art, sex in art, new art criticism, etc. in art; another important part of the book is to introduce the then artistic business activities at the time, such as the relationship between painting and sponsors, the new British new British New The relationship between the art club and the creation of artists. The book is rich in content and involves many characters and art activities. Not only can readers understand the art works of great painters in the 19th century, but they can also understand the colorful stories behind each work. This is the 19th -century painting history in the eyes of a writer. Among them, there are many vivid and interesting descriptions and a clear and unique history of the world. The total history of the region will change its nature if it is divided and divided, just as water is decomposed into its chemical components, it will no longer become water, but hydrogen and oxygen.
Jeffrey Paleclaf
The main feature is that the main feature is: the world is the world rather than a country or region History; pay attention to the entire human beings, not limited to Westerners or non -Western people. The point of view of this book is just like an observer of the live moon formed by the overall view of our sphere. Therefore, it is different from the viewers living in London or Paris, Beijing or Delhi.
. The purpose of world history
The method of global deep cable for history is a new starting point for modern history compilation. From the era of enlightenment in the eighteenth century, historical research has paid attention to the history of the country, and does not pay attention to human history. However, in recent years, the globality of major events in contemporary events has become increasingly significant, and people's interest in world history has also increased greatly. Because astronauts can fly around the earth for a few hours, or even board the moon, because the number of articles about Asian and Africa published in the report is not less than articles about Europe and the United States, people are increasingly realized that the vision of observation history is increasingly aware of the vision of observation history It must be expanded. To understand this "one -whole" world, studying world history is obviously essential.
However, the reason why people are committed to world history is not just because of its practical value. It is also important that human history has the basic unity that must be neglected from the beginning, and must be acknowledged. To accurately understand the history of the West or the history of non -Western, no global perspective that contains the two is that the knowledge of the two is not good. It has a significant role in determining the process of human calendar.
does, this interaction was intermittent and insignificant before Columbus and Da Gamma conducting the sea adventure. Columbus, Da Gamma, and successors have made direct exchanges in various regions of the world in just decades. This kind of exchanges have become increasingly frequent and have continued to this day. On the contrary, all human society before 1500 was in a state of isolating each other. However, this occlusion state is never absolute. As early as the long thousands of years before the European geography discovery, the various parts of humans have actually affected each other, but there is a huge difference in the degree of influence with the historical period and geographical location. This book discusses the historical period before 1500, and the theme of this book is essentially reduced by the detailed situation of the mutual influence of human beings during this period. After 1500, due to the increasingly strengthened connection between human beings and the continuous development of transportation, the entire earth has become increasingly reduced by acceleration. Now, it is actually called "spacecraft -style earth" or "earth village".
. The structure of world history
If world history is a common history of all human beings, then such a problem: Can we teach world history in the classroom? Some people often express such a view. According to its definition, the history of world history is included in all countries and regions. It contains the content of it is too high, so it is not suitable to teach in the classroom. Some people also point out that it is difficult to deal with the history of western civilization alone. How can we also include the history of civilization in other regions such as China, India and the Middle East? Of course, there is only one "can't" answer. It can only be said that the world history that is defined is obviously unable to teach in the classroom. However, the above definition is not accurate and is really misunderstood. Just as Western history is not the sum of the history of Western countries, and world history is not the sum of various civilizations in the world.
If studies in Western civilization must be inspected one by one to examine the history of the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Balkans, Balkans, and other countries and regions, then this study will obviously not work. But in fact, this study is feasible, because we cannot adopt the method of accumulating wooden types, but we should focus on those historical power or historical movements that have influenced the entire West, such as Christianity, Islam, Cross East invasion, Renaissance, religious reform, French revolution, science and industrial revolution, and so on. The same is true for studying world history. However, the stage of world history is global rather than a certain region. Therefore, research focus should be placed on those movements with global influence.
For example, in the era of Paleolithic, humans appeared on the African continent and gradually spread to Eurasia, Australia and North and South America. In the Neolithic era, agriculture made decisive progress, and then produced metal manufacturing and various other technologies, which led to the emergence of urban life and civilization. These technologies originated in the Middle East and spread to the four weeks, thus developing the great civilizations of Eurasia, including Chinese civilization, Indian civilization, Middle East civilization, and European civilization. Although these civilizations, such as some powerful, cross -regional historical forces, such as Greek culture, Christianity, Jiao religion, and multiple invasions of the Nomads from the Prairie in the Central Eurasia, he has different degrees of influence, but for thousands of years Come, their development has always been parallel and independent. After 1500, this balance state in Eurasia was gradually replaced by the global integration state contributed by the emerging Western. This integration state developed to its peak in the 19th century, which led to unprecedented world hegemony. The history of the 20th century is essentially a history of opposition to world hegemony. It is the rapid spread of Western technology and ideas forcing people to explore a history of a new world balance. The above is a brief explanation of the basic principles and structure of world history.
. The world history and geography
It, as world history is usually considered to be the sum of the history of civilization in the world, and the world's historical geography is also considered to be the sum of the geography of major continents on the surface of the earth. In fact; the latter view is the same as the former, which is mechanical and a solution. Dividing the earth into a traditional method of several mainlands may be useful for students who study geographical geography, but it does not make much sense for students who study world history. Just as the structure of world history requires us to focus on those historical movements that have a significant impact on human development, world historical geography also requires us to focus on the areas of those historical movements. If this is done, we will find that there is a land in the world that has a unique and arbitrary status in the world. This is Eurasia -it has always been the true heart of the world history since the Neolithic era. Eurasia covers two -tenths on the surface of land and land, and its population is 9 tenths of the world's population. The most advanced and lasting civilization of human beings developed there. To a large extent, it can be said that the history of human beings is the history of various civilized areas of Eurasia. rn欧亚大陆的地位何以会如此优越，其主要原因，也许可用著名人类学家弗朗兹•博亚兹的观点来说明： rn人类的历史证明，一个社会集团，其The progress of culture often depends on whether it has the opportunity to learn the experience of neighboring social groups. The various discoveries obtained by a social group can be passed on to other social groups; the more diverse exchanges between each other, the more opportunities to learn from each other. Generally speaking, the most primitive tribe of culture is the tribes that have been isolated from the world for a long time. Therefore, they cannot gain benefits from the cultural achievements achieved by neighboring tribes.
If in other words, if other geographical factors are the same, the key to human beings' progress lies in the approximation of each nation. Those ethnic groups that have the most chance to influence with other nations are most likely to achieve rapid development. In fact, the environment has also forced them to develop rapidly, because they face not only opportunities for development, but also the pressure of being eliminated. If you can't use the opportunity of mutual influence to develop, this approximation will often bring the danger of being assimilated or eliminated. On the contrary, those nations in the occasion of occlusion have not been promoted by foreign existences, nor have foreign threats. Therefore, the stress of elimination is not existed to them. Not endangering its survival.
Maland ethnic groups are obviously the main beneficiary of this principle. Eurasia's geographical environment allows them to approach each other. Therefore, for a long time, with the advancement of science and technology, the exchanges between the Eurasias are increasingly convenient. threaten.
This in Eurasia is vast, and it is impossible to think of it as a geographical unit. Therefore, it must be divided into the regions of the Eurasian mainland. It is also impossible to divide Eurasia into Europe and Asia. This division is geographically and historically a solution. Geographically, Europe and Asia are obviously neither equal nor compared. Open the map and see at a glance that Europe is just a peninsula in Europe and Asia. For example, it is equivalent to the Indian Peninsula. Historically, Europe is not as good as Asia, but it can only be compared with another civilization center in Eurasia, such as India. Regardless of the complexity of regional, the number and types of residents, or culture and historical traditions, it can be clearly seen that Europe and India are extremely similar. Therefore, from the perspective of world history, it should not be regarded as consisting of the two continents of Europe and Asia, but it should be regarded as the Middle East, India, China, Europe and Eurasia. Five losses are composed of far -reaching historical significance.
The fertile river basin and plains in the four regions of the Middle East, India, China and Europe have bred the greatest civilization in history. These civilizations make Eurasia a world historical center with a major role. To be more clear, the Civilization Center in the Middle East includes the Nile River Basin, the Dagris River and the Euphraphon River Basin and the Civilization Center of the Gaofeng India in Iran are located in the Indian River Basin and the Ganges River Basin; the center of China is the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin; In the northern coast of the Mediterranean -this area from the Minos culture to the end of the Middle Ages, it has always occupied obvious advantages in economics and culture. It should be explained that European Europe includes North Africa. Because North Africa's connection with Europe and the Middle East in history, compare the connection with the Sahara desert, south of the natural barrier, is much more close to. Therefore, the word "Africa" in this book only refers to Africa south of Sahara Desert.
The grassland in the central Eurasian continent has endless grasslands, extending from the northeast of the east to Hungary in the West. It provides a land passage for various civilized centers stretched out of the edge of Eurasia. The nomads who feed on the prairie always rush their shepherds, migrate everywhere, and prepare at any time. As soon as they have the opportunity, they will seize the wealth of Beijing, Delhi, Baghdad and Rome. The fertile Great River Basin and the plain created the ancient core civilization of Eurasia, and the principles of Grass facilitated the contact and connection between these civilizations. This kind of connection sometimes takes peace, that is, through the channels of land trade; sometimes the way of rushing, that is, the nomadic tribes in the barren inland areas continue to rob the wealthy foreign regions that make them saliva. Therefore, the history of Eurasia is basically formed in the process of interaction between nomadic tribes and settlement civilization. The continuous plunder from the Nomads often causes a strong tribal migration movement involving a wide range of scope. This plunder not only has great destructiveness, but also has an innovative effect. It will sweep the declined dynasty, rigid system and old customs, and introduce new nations, technology and ideas, so it to a large extent determines the development of the history of Europe and Asia. The history of Eurasia before 1500 was divided into ancient times, classical and medieval periods -this is the three major historical periods to be studied by this volume.
The main turning point in these three historical periods is generally due to the plunder activities of the nomadic tribes.
The non -Eurasian world consists of three continents: Africa, North and South America, and Australia. According to the principle of approximation, their disadvantages are obvious compared to Eurasia. They have not established any connection with each other. Only Africa and Eurasia have had a relationship with the Eurasia. However, due to the difficult geographical barriers between Africa and Eurasia and the African natives, their influence between them is intermittent and minimal. However, the progress of Africans has indeed rely on foreign promotion to a large extent, such as the introduction of agriculture, iron purification technology, new plants and animals, and so on. Therefore, in the Middle Ages, in the Sudan zone adjacent to the southern Sahara Desert, Africans could establish one empire one after another. These empires can be compared with the European empires in some aspects.
In comparison, the development of the American Indians has been greatly hindered, because they have been completely isolated from the world after 15,000 years ago, after crossing the sea from northeast Asia to the Americas. Although they have developed impressive civilizations in Mexico, China and the United States, and Peru, the overall development level cannot be compared with Africans.
The indigenous residents of the Australian Ranians live on the distant islands and completely isolated from the mainland for 30,000 years. Therefore, they have the most obstacles in the development process. They all stayed in the food collection stage and formed a clear contrast to the situation of Africans and the Americans. In addition to the Ho Tun Governor and You, the Africans are also in the food collection stage, and a huge empire has been established in the Sudan area; although the United States Indians still have some food collectors in California and Huadi Island, they are in other places. There are advanced Aztec civilization, Inca civilization and Mayan civilization. In fact, the isolation state caused by the South Pacific to Australia not only hinders the development of human culture, but also allows some ancient animals and plants such as eucalyptus plants, single -hole animals and bags of animal animals to survive.
The high -level civilization, Africa and North and South America with a long history of Eurasia, Africa and North and South America, and the production level of the universal and single old stone in Australia -Australian The human society encountered during the adventure is extremely different.
The global pattern determines the structure of this book. In the era before 1500, the focus of the civilization of Eurasia is the focus of the Eurasian civilization, because the civilization of Eurasia was the most advanced civilization at that time and the most contributed to human development in thousands of years. Therefore, the second, third, and fourth editing of this book discusses the development process of the civilization of Eurasia, and the fifth editor will outline the development of the non -Eurasian world
The introduction of this book Essence (Although it is full) Baidu Encyclopedia is available, and the origin of the information. Very good, try Baidu Encyclopedia in the future! (How do I think I want to be a pinch of advertising ~~~~)
World General History
The Introduction: The nature of world history
... World history is not just the sum of the history of the world. If it is divided and divided, it will change its nature. It becomes its chemical ingredients, and it is no longer into water, but is hydrogen and oxygen.
Jeffrey Paleclaf
The main feature is that the main feature is: the world is the world rather than a country or region History; pay attention to the entire human beings, not limited to Westerners or non -Western people. The point of view of this book is just like an observer of the live moon formed by the overall view of our sphere. Therefore, it is different from the viewers living in London or Paris, Beijing or Delhi.
. The purpose of world history
The method of global deep cable for history is a new starting point for modern history compilation. From the era of enlightenment in the eighteenth century, historical research has paid attention to the history of the country, and does not pay attention to human history. However, in recent years, the globality of major events in contemporary events has become increasingly significant, and people's interest in world history has also increased greatly. Because astronauts can fly around the earth for a few hours, or even board the moon, because the number of articles about Asian and Africa published in the report is not less than articles about Europe and the United States, people are increasingly realized that the vision of observation history is increasingly aware of the vision of observation history It must be expanded. To understand this "one -whole" world, studying world history is obviously essential.
However, the reason why people are committed to world history is not just because of its practical value. It is also important that human history has the basic unity that must be neglected from the beginning, and must be acknowledged. To accurately understand the history of the West or the history of non -Western, no global perspective that contains the two is that the knowledge of the two is not good. It has a significant role in determining the process of human calendar.
does, this interaction was intermittent and insignificant before Columbus and Da Gamma conducting the sea adventure. Columbus, Da Gamma, and successors have made direct exchanges in various regions of the world in just decades. This kind of exchanges have become increasingly frequent and have continued to this day. On the contrary, all human society before 1500 was in a state of isolating each other. However, this occlusion state is never absolute. As early as the long thousands of years before the European geography discovery, the various parts of humans have actually affected each other, but there is a huge difference in the degree of influence with the historical period and geographical location. This book discusses the historical period before 1500, and the theme of this book is essentially reduced by the detailed situation of the mutual influence of human beings during this period. After 1500, due to the increasingly strengthened connection between human beings and the continuous development of transportation, the entire earth has become increasingly reduced by acceleration. Now, it is actually called "spacecraft -style earth" or "earth village".
. The structure of world history
If world history is a common history of all human beings, then such a problem: Can we teach world history in the classroom? Some people often express such a view. According to its definition, the history of world history is included in all countries and regions. It contains the content of it is too high, so it is not suitable to teach in the classroom. Some people also point out that it is difficult to deal with the history of western civilization alone. How can we also include the history of civilization in other regions such as China, India and the Middle East? Of course, there is only one "can't" answer. It can only be said that the world history that is defined is obviously unable to teach in the classroom. However, the above definition is not accurate and is really misunderstood. Just as Western history is not the sum of the history of Western countries, and world history is not the sum of various civilizations in the world.
If studies in Western civilization must be inspected one by one to examine the history of the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Balkans, Balkans, and other countries and regions, then this study will obviously not work. But in fact, this study is feasible, because we cannot adopt the method of accumulating wooden types, but we should focus on those historical power or historical movements that have influenced the entire West, such as Christianity, Islam, Cross East invasion, Renaissance, religious reform, French revolution, science and industrial revolution, and so on. The same is true for studying world history. However, the stage of world history is global rather than a certain region. Therefore, research focus should be placed on those movements with global influence.
For example, in the era of Paleolithic, humans appeared on the African continent and gradually spread to Eurasia, Australia and North and South America. In the Neolithic era, agriculture made decisive progress, and then produced metal manufacturing and various other technologies, which led to the emergence of urban life and civilization. These technologies originated in the Middle East and spread to the four weeks, thus developing the great civilizations of Eurasia, including Chinese civilization, Indian civilization, Middle East civilization, and European civilization. Although these civilizations, such as some powerful, cross -regional historical forces, such as Greek culture, Christianity, Jiao religion, and multiple invasions of the Nomads from the Prairie in the Central Eurasia, he has different degrees of influence, but for thousands of years Come, their development has always been parallel and independent. After 1500, this balance state in Eurasia was gradually replaced by the global integration state contributed by the emerging Western. This integration state developed to its peak in the 19th century, which led to unprecedented world hegemony. The history of the 20th century is essentially a history of opposition to world hegemony. It is the rapid spread of Western technology and ideas forcing people to explore a history of a new world balance. The above is a brief explanation of the basic principles and structure of world history.
. The world history and geography
It, as world history is usually considered to be the sum of the history of civilization in the world, and the world's historical geography is also considered to be the sum of the geography of major continents on the surface of the earth. In fact; the latter view is the same as the former, which is mechanical and a solution. Dividing the earth into a traditional method of several mainlands may be useful for students who study geographical geography, but it does not make much sense for students who study world history. Just as the structure of world history requires us to focus on those historical movements that have a significant impact on human development, world historical geography also requires us to focus on the areas of those historical movements. If this is done, we will find that there is a land in the world that has a unique and arbitrary status in the world. This is Eurasia -it has always been the true heart of the world history since the Neolithic era. Eurasia covers two -tenths on the surface of land and land, and its population is 9 tenths of the world's population. The most advanced and lasting civilization of human beings developed there. To a large extent, it can be said that the history of human beings is the history of various civilized areas of Eurasia. rn欧亚大陆的地位何以会如此优越，其主要原因，也许可用著名人类学家弗朗兹•博亚兹的观点来说明： rn人类的历史证明，一个社会集团，其The progress of culture often depends on whether it has the opportunity to learn the experience of neighboring social groups. The various discoveries obtained by a social group can be passed on to other social groups; the more diverse exchanges between each other, the more opportunities to learn from each other. Generally speaking, the most primitive tribe of culture is the tribes that have been isolated from the world for a long time. Therefore, they cannot gain benefits from the cultural achievements achieved by neighboring tribes.
If in other words, if other geographical factors are the same, the key to human beings' progress lies in the approximation of each nation. Those ethnic groups that have the most chance to influence with other nations are most likely to achieve rapid development. In fact, the environment has also forced them to develop rapidly, because they face not only opportunities for development, but also the pressure of being eliminated. If you can't use the opportunity of mutual influence to develop, this approximation will often bring the danger of being assimilated or eliminated. On the contrary, those nations in the occasion of occlusion have not been promoted by foreign existences, nor have foreign threats. Therefore, the stress of elimination is not existed to them. Not endangering its survival.
Maland ethnic groups are obviously the main beneficiary of this principle. Eurasia's geographical environment allows them to approach each other. Therefore, for a long time, with the advancement of science and technology, the exchanges between the Eurasias are increasingly convenient. threaten.
This in Eurasia is vast, and it is impossible to think of it as a geographical unit. Therefore, it must be divided into the regions of the Eurasian mainland. It is also impossible to divide Eurasia into Europe and Asia. This division is geographically and historically a solution. Geographically, Europe and Asia are obviously neither equal nor compared. Open the map and see at a glance that Europe is just a peninsula in Europe and Asia. For example, it is equivalent to the Indian Peninsula. Historically, Europe is not as good as Asia, but it can only be compared with another civilization center in Eurasia, such as India. Regardless of the complexity of regional, the number and types of residents, or culture and historical traditions, it can be clearly seen that Europe and India are extremely similar. Therefore, from the perspective of world history, it should not be regarded as consisting of the two continents of Europe and Asia, but it should be regarded as the Middle East, India, China, Europe and Eurasia. Five losses are composed of far -reaching historical significance.
The fertile river basin and plains in the four regions of the Middle East, India, China and Europe have bred the greatest civilization in history. These civilizations make Eurasia a world historical center with a major role. To be more clear, the Civilization Center in the Middle East includes the Nile River Basin, the Dagris River and the Euphraphon River Basin and the Civilization Center of the Gaofeng India in Iran are located in the Indian River Basin and the Ganges River Basin; the center of China is the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin; In the northern coast of the Mediterranean -this area from the Minos culture to the end of the Middle Ages, it has always occupied obvious advantages in economics and culture. It should be explained that European Europe includes North Africa. Because North Africa's connection with Europe and the Middle East in history, compare the connection with the Sahara desert, south of the natural barrier, is much more close to. Therefore, the word "Africa" in this book only refers to Africa south of Sahara Desert.
The grassland in the central Eurasian continent has endless grasslands, extending from the northeast of the east to Hungary in the West. It provides a land passage for various civilized centers stretched out of the edge of Eurasia. The nomads who feed on the prairie always rush their shepherds, migrate everywhere, and prepare at any time. As soon as they have the opportunity, they will seize the wealth of Beijing, Delhi, Baghdad and Rome. The fertile Great River Basin and the plain created the ancient core civilization of Eurasia, and the principles of Grass facilitated the contact and connection between these civilizations. This kind of connection sometimes takes peace, that is, through the channels of land trade; sometimes the way of rushing, that is, the nomadic tribes in the barren inland areas continue to rob the wealthy foreign regions that make them saliva. Therefore, the history of Eurasia is basically formed in the process of interaction between nomadic tribes and settlement civilization. The continuous plunder from the Nomads often causes a strong tribal migration movement involving a wide range of scope. This plunder not only has great destructiveness, but also has an innovative effect. It will sweep the declined dynasty, rigid system and old customs, and introduce new nations, technology and ideas, so it to a large extent determines the development of the history of Europe and Asia. The history of Eurasia before 1500 was divided into ancient times, classical and medieval periods -this is the three major historical periods to be studied by this volume.
The main turning point in these three historical periods is generally due to the plunder activities of the nomadic tribes.
The non -Eurasian world consists of three continents: Africa, North and South America, and Australia. According to the principle of approximation, their disadvantages are obvious compared to Eurasia. They have not established any connection with each other. Only Africa and Eurasia have had a relationship with the Eurasia. However, due to the difficult geographical barriers between Africa and Eurasia and the African natives, their influence between them is intermittent and minimal. However, the progress of Africans has indeed rely on foreign promotion to a large extent, such as the introduction of agriculture, iron purification technology, new plants and animals, and so on. Therefore, in the Middle Ages, in the Sudan zone adjacent to the southern Sahara Desert, Africans could establish one empire one after another. These empires can be compared with the European empires in some aspects.
In comparison, the development of the American Indians has been greatly hindered, because they have been completely isolated from the world after 15,000 years ago, after crossing the sea from northeast Asia to the Americas. Although they have developed impressive civilizations in Mexico, China and the United States, and Peru, the overall development level cannot be compared with Africans.
The indigenous residents of the Australian Ranians live on the distant islands and completely isolated from the mainland for 30,000 years. Therefore, they have the most obstacles in the development process. They all stayed in the food collection stage and formed a clear contrast to the situation of Africans and the Americans. In addition to the Ho Tun Governor and You, the Africans are also in the food collection stage, and a huge empire has been established in the Sudan area; although the United States Indians still have some food collectors in California and Huadi Island, they are in other places. There are advanced Aztec civilization, Inca civilization and Mayan civilization. In fact, the isolation state caused by the South Pacific to Australia not only hinders the development of human culture, but also allows some ancient animals and plants such as eucalyptus plants, single -hole animals and bags of animal animals to survive.
The high -level civilization, Africa and North and South America with a long history of Eurasia, Africa and North and South America, and the production level of the universal and single old stone in Australia -Australian The human society encountered during the adventure is extremely different.
The global pattern determines the structure of this book. In the era before 1500, the focus of the civilization of Eurasia is the focus of the Eurasian civilization, because the civilization of Eurasia was the most advanced civilization at that time and the most contributed to human development in thousands of years. Therefore, the second, third, and fourth editing of this book discusses the development process of the civilization of Eurasia, and the fifth editor will outline the development of the non -Eurasian world
The introduction of this book Essence (Although it is full) Baidu Encyclopedia is available, and the origin of the information. Very good, try Baidu Encyclopedia in the future! (How do I think I want to be a pinch of advertising ~~~~)
Nineteenth century painting art
translator: (love) George Moore with Sun Yixue
content profile
He comprehensively evaluated the works, life, and style of famous painters in the 19th century, mainly the Impressionist painter, involving Whistler, Xia Fanna, Mallo, Monet, Angel, Corro, Picharo, etc. The book also studied the organization of art, the relationship between art and science, the national nature in art, the religious loyalty, the sex of the art, the sex of the art, the new art criticism, etc. in art, etc. An important part was to introduce artistic business activities at the time, such as the relationship between painting and sponsors, the relationship between the new art clubs in the UK and the creation of artists. The book is rich in content and involves many characters and art activities. Not only can readers understand the art works of great painters in the 19th century, but they can also understand the colorful stories behind each work. This is the 19th -century painting history in the eyes of a writer, including vivid and interesting descriptions and clear and unique artistic views.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- rn作者简介rn乔治· Moore (1852-1933), an Irish writer, a genius who never co-produced with the times. He studied painting in France and was deeply influenced by naturalism. His masterpieces include "A Young Man's Confession", "Erotl and Abella", "Memories of My Dead Life", "Enley Street Talk" and many other outstanding works.
Book reviews
This is George Moore's literary summary of the 19th century painting art, especially Impressionist painting art. Based on his experience in Paris, he used the artist he was in contact with the artistic movements of France and the entire European and the entire European art movement as the core. And the purpose of art, as well as the origin, development and style of various major artistic movements. Among them, there are both passion and difficulty, as well as a symbolic imagery of obscure and unsolvable, which makes the book like a stream that winds in the mountains, there is always a mystery that is endless. The book is rich in content and involves many characters and art activities. Not only can readers understand the art works of great painters in the 19th century, but they can also understand the colorful stories behind each work. This is the 19th -century painting history in the eyes of a writer, including vivid and interesting descriptions and clear and unique artistic views.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- rn目录rnr n prefusion
Chapter 1 Whistler
Chapter 2 Xia Fanna, Miller and Mayani
The failure of the 19th century n Chapter 4 France and Britain's Art Education
Chapter 5 Angel and Corro
Chapter 6 Monet, Sisla, Bishara and Decade School
Chapter 7 Our Academicians
No. 1 Chapter 8 Art Organization
Chapter 9 Arts and Science
Chapter 10 Art and Angels
Article 11 Art Lenua Chapter 13 Municipal Officials
Chapter 14 Art Faith
Chapter 15 Camera in Art
Chapter A Great Artist
Chapter 18 Art of Art
Chapter 19 Arts n Chapter 20: Exhibition of Mr. Steel (1892) r r r r r
Chapter 21 Claude Monet
Chapter 22 Notes
Chapter 23 New Art Criticism
Chapter 24: Italy in history
Chapter Twenty -five Dega
Film Directory
The love of the nineteenth century -Volkswagen Chinese Translation Boutique n "On Love" is the famous psychological psychology of the world Wenhao Sida Analysis monograph. The author conducted a durable and synchronized inspection of the topic of love from the aspects of philosophy, psychology, sociology, and proposed a unique and systematic love theory. The book records the author's own love experience and deep life. Philosophy, delicate psychological analysis, and real personalized experience in one furnace are the immortal works of the world literary world.
In after being rejected by Meteld's rigorous resignation, Sitangda wrote this book in extreme disappointment. This work is completely opposite to Leng Bingbing. After many reasoning, concealment, examples, motto, anecdotes, and classification, people can pursue Bell's mind. But I still stay behind the truth: this book is better than the novel. This is the opposite and background of the novel. Here you can find what disappeared in the novel. Therefore, to be precise, this is a underground treasure in the novel. This is a box full of diamonds. Various diamonds of love are inside, but these diamonds are not placed according to the classification of jewelry, but are placed scattered. Love was fully described.
-French critic Cato
The content profile
"The Love of the Nineteenth Century" can be said to be a box full of various love diamonds. A person with a delicate spiritual and rich aesthetic, cultural and moral cultivation, when reviewing this box, will experience the complex and mysterious emotions of love, produce many vivid and exciting associations, so as to obtain one The joy of returning to the whole load. This will also understand why Steashida is a generation of "psychological analysis masters".
Stangda "enumerates a large number of subtle differences" in this book. He believes that this is the value of this book. He divided love into four types: passion, love, love, vanity love, and physical love, and the generation of love was divided into seven stages, and then he expanded his analysis and thinking of love with a lot of space. He has a detailed analysis of the various delicate emotions of men and women in love, such as impulse, obsession, arrogance, solemn, self -esteem, doubt, jealousy, loss, etc. The influence has been conducted in -depth discussion, such as French love, Spanish love, Italian love, German love, American love, and various nations in various countries. Due to the different geographical and social environment, its love life also presents Different traits.
The as Jean Detell said, "The Love of the Nineteenth Century" is not a "cold, preaching theory", it is a collection of essays for Steashi to think about love. Tang Da is full of passionate rational thinking, and at the same time, Stepa's narrative of love stories. Reading this book will enhance your deeper understanding of Sitangda's works.
This Introduction
The translator Liu Yang, a native of Taizhou, Jiangsu, is a doctorate in literature. culture. Now published eight translations such as "Rousseau's Self-Selected Book Collection" and "Lu Andreyas Sale Mei".
Directory
translator preface
Preface
Preface one
Preface two
n Chapter 1 True Love
The Chapter III On the Birth of Love
The Chapter III Exposes Hope
The seven stages of love
Chapter 5 Fun Love and Love and Passionate Love
Chapter 6 of the branch of Salzburg
Chapter 7 The difference between the birth of gender love
Chapter 8 Discussion
Chapter 10 Crystal Examples
Chapter 11 Beauty, Sex and Love
Chapter 12 Theory of Crystal (continued)
n Chapter 14 Discussing Emotional Impulse
Chapter 15 Imagination brings hope
Chapter 16 Music and Love
Chapter 17 The beauty
Chapter 18 Mei and Ugly
Chapter 19 Research on Midea Limited Factors
The lost
The Chapter 21 On the first impression
22 Charter obsessed
Chapter 23 Talks at first sight
Chapter 24 In a strange national travel
Introduction to Chapter 15
Chapter 26 On the solemnity
Chapter 27 On Emotional Love
Chapter 28 Discussing women's arrogance
Chapter 29 On the courage of women
Sad Scenery
Chapter 31: Selected Diary of Salvia
Chapter 32 Turches Intimacy
The meaning of doubt n 34 Chapters Discussing Private Love
Chapter 35 On Jealousy
Chapter 36 On Jealousy (Continue)
Chapter 37 "Rock Chana"
No. 1 Chapter 38 Discuss the self -esteem of injury
Chapter 39 (1) Love in the quarrel
(2) Love Disease Therapy
(3) Love Disease Therapy (continued)
Volume 2
The Chapter 40 Theory of Quality and Government Impact
Chapter 41 Discuss the Love Life of Various Nations France
)
Chapter 43 On Italy
Chapter 44 Rome
Chapter 45 On the United Kingdom
n Chapter 47 On Spain
Chapter 48 Discuss Germany's Love
Chapter 49 Florence One Day
Chapter 50 American Love
Fifth Eleven Chapter 1328 Northern Barbarians conquered the love of Provence in front of Toulouse
Chapter 52 12th Century Provence
Fifth 3 on Arabia
Chapter 54 On Women's Education
Chapter 55 of the objection to women's education
Chapter 56 (1) Objury to women's education (continued)
(2) Marriage
Fifty 50 Chapter Seven Discussing so -called virtue
Chapter 58 Marriage — State in Europe
Chapter 59 Vitt and Don Jun
Chapter 60 Losses (Unpublished)
n simple
women's arrogance
Ancient love
The debate between honest people and academician academician
The thought of mystery
Romantic demeanor
Father A conversation with Zi Zi 1787
supplementation
Love court
12 century love criterion
modes about the god of Andrei
The branches of Salzburg nOnnetina, also known as the birth of love
The example of love of love in France
Themissions of translations
[De] Fuks: "History of European Weathematics • Merry Century", translated by Hou Huanyi, Liaoning Education Press, 2000 edition.
[German] Fuks: "European Weathematics History • Renaissance Times", translated by Hou Huanyi, Liaoning Education Press, 2000 edition.
[Germany] Forkos: "The Worship of Love -Age of the Monarch", translated by Sun Xiaoning, China Badwide Press, 2003 edition.
[Germany] Forkos: "Love of Love -Bourgeois Age", translated by Sun Xiaoning, China Blind Publishing House, 2003 edition.
[German] The door of Richam Devyl: "Modern European Life: Religion, Witchcraft, Enlightenment Movement", translated by Wang Yaping, Oriental Publishing House, 2005 edition.
[German] The door of Richam Devyl: "Modern Europe: Village and City", translated by Wang Yaping, Oriental Publishing House, 2005 edition.
[method] Voltaire: "Customs Theory", translated by Liang Shouyi, Business Press, 1997 edition.
[beauty] Will Du Lan: "History of World Civilization", translated by young lion culture company, (upper, middle and lower) Oriental Press, 1999 edition.
This book is the crystallization of George Moore's ten -year learning painting in Paris. It is his comprehensive evaluation of his works, life, and styles of famous painters in the 19th century. Monet, Angel, Corro, Bishara, etc. In addition, the book also studied the organization of art, the relationship between art and science, the national nature in art, the religion, and the loyalty of the art in art , Sex, new art criticism, etc.; another important part of the book was introduced to the artistic business activities of the time, such as the relationship between painting and sponsors, the newly emerged in the UK and the relationship between artists and artists' creation Wait. The book is rich in content and involves many characters and art activities. Not only can readers understand the art works of great painters in the 19th century, but they can also understand the colorful stories behind each work. This is the 19th -century painting history in the eyes of a writer, including vivid and interesting descriptions and clear and unique artistic views.