In fact, it is a question of translation. The translation of my country is called Mary Antoineter
Mary Antovnett is the wife of Louis XVI in France. Louis Sixteen Sexuality is strong, but indecisive. The Queen Mu Mu vanity and liked to do politics. However, because of her frivolous and shallowness, French affairs often made a mess.
The period of Louis 15, due to the extravagance of foreign wars and the court of the court, the state treasury has been empty and liabilities are exhausted. Antovnett is even more spoiled, which worsen the empty treasury snow. France was in a serious crisis.
. The revolution broke out in France in 1789. Louis XVI and Queen became the "sacrifice" of the revolutionary altar.
Mef France
In 1755, Antoinet was born in Austria's royal family. Male Marie Trisia is the head of the Austrian emperor, Hungary, and Bohemia. Father Francis I was a king of the side. There are many brothers and sisters of the princess. She is the 15th child of the Queen (4 deaths before), so she is particularly loved by her parents.
The princess's childhood had no sorrow. She liked dancing and acting ... Her father died at the age of 10, which made her feel the pain of life for the first time. But a few weeks later she left this pain to her head and returned to that happy world.
In traditional and habits, princesses cannot stay in the palace for a long time. They must marry early and become members of the royal family. At the age of 12, her mother began to consider her marriage. The queen hopes that the princess can marry the French crown prince to achieve Austrian and French marriage, thereby consolidating Austrian status in Europe. To this end, the queen contacted the French court through the Olympic Ambassador to France.
In order to enable the princess to adapt to her future role, the Queen re -tune Antovonitt, let her learn French and French court etiquette, and understand the historical knowledge about France.
In order to help the princess accumulate social experience, the emperor often takes her to participate in various social activities to teach her how to cope with people with different identities. On one occasion, the Queen took her to a social party with the Ambassador to the Austria. The French ambassador asked which country the princess would like, and the princess replied that she liked France. "Why?" The princess replied: "Because there was a great monarch Louis XIV in France." The French ambassador was very satisfied with the princess's answer. In fact, these words were pre -taught by the mother.
The marriage of King Louis XV, the prince of Louis Augustine, also attaches great importance to his eldest grandson -Crown Prince Louis Augustine. Let the ambassador to Australia observe the princess secretly and continue to report the situation of the princess. When the French king learned that the Princess Princess French and etiquette were two French actors, they were unhappy. He believes that a noble princess can let the two artists teach! Therefore, the queen of the Austrian State recommended Father Vermethon. Louis XV asked Vermeth to serve as a princess's private teacher. One was that the priest himself was more knowledgeable, and the other was to let him observe the princess further. Later, the priest wrote in the letter to Fa King: "I have been in Vienna for ten months, and I remember my His Majesty's holy. After this careful observation, I think the little princess is much smarter than the general rumors. But unfortunately, she was satisfied with many courses. She has a good look, peaceful personality, and impeccable. "According to the report of the priest, Louis XV determined the marriage in her heart.
The princess looks good, but it is not impeccable. Her teeth were uneven, and the forehead was slightly confused, which hindered the image. Louis Fifteen is a person who cares about appearance, so French dentist corrects his teeth. The Queen did not dare to neglect. He hired a famous beautician from France. He tried all the hair styles, and finally combed the princess's head into a high -rise towering forehead. This hair not only covered the princess's outstanding forehead, but also made her more charming.
In 1769, France officially proposed marriage to Austria, and the wedding period was scheduled to be Easter in the second year. At this time, there was no major event in Europe, so the wedding of the princess and the crown prince became the top priority of the two countries. Olympic and Fa are preparing for this wedding and busy.
On April 21, 1770, Antovonit, 15, will marry France. This is the most luxurious wedding in Europe. The early arrival was composed of 107 people, and the gorgeous French marriage team started from Vienna. The four -wheeled carriage by the princess is carefully produced by Paris's premier car makers. It is magnificent and comfortable. The attendant team is mighty, with female servants, maids, secretaries, doctors, pastors, hairdressers, chefs, etc. Vienna's powsing is also not small. 376 knights escorted princesses, and the Cavaliers had to change four or five horses a day. From Vienna to the French border, the Austrian side used more than 20,000 horses.
The wedding of the royal family is complicated. When entering the French border, a "transfer ceremony" must be held. The ceremony was held on a sandbar in the Rhine. Here, France set up a temporary wooden house. The princess went in from one side of the wooden house, all changed into French clothing, and then even if it was French from the other side. When the princess walked out of the wooden house, people cheered. Antwinet is no longer the Austrian princess, but the French Crown Prince.
The Gonabine on May 14. This is the last stop to go to Versailles. Louis XII. Crown Prince, Minister, and Palace ladies made a special trip here. Here she saw the crown prince for the first time, a boy one year older than her. He was tall and slightly clumsy, and his tender face seemed a little uneasy. Antewine met with the king. When she waited for the crown prince to kiss, he only touched her with her cheeks. This disappointed her.
The wedding was held in the small church in Versailles on May 15th.
The wedding banquet is placed in the Grand Theater just completed. This was specially built to entertain 6,000 guests. The orchestral band composed of 80 people played a beautiful melody, making the wedding banquet climax. The night is carnival night. Versailles's streets are full of lights, crowded with people from Paris Viewing Great Fireworks Gala. Antewine has never seen such a grand scene, and all of this is designed for her. She was excited and experienced the glory of a Mrs. Crown Prince.
The hostess of Versailles
1774 Louis XV died, and the 20 -year -old Louis 16 appeared on the throne. Louis XVI's body is not healthy, and he is a bit obese with age. He also had a small defect (later cure for surgery). This defect caused him to feel a kind of guilt to his wife, which led to everything to comply with her. Antewine also acknowledged that he was a woman who was spoiled by the king. This was where the queen was unfortunate. After Louis XVI landed, Antewinet dominated the Palace of Versailles as the queen.
The palace of Versailles was built in the Louis XIV era. In the late 15th stage of Louis, Mrs. Dubari, who dominated the Palace of Versailles, was the mistress of the king. She manipulated Louis XV, so many people in the palace asked her and stabbed her. She once looked down on her because of Antopinet, and scolded Antoinett as "Austrian Little Red Mao". The relationship between the two was tense. The queen once wrote to warn her daughter that the people in the king's circle must be treated with courtesy. Following her mother's teachings, she and Mrs. Dubari settled on the surface. After Louis XVI succeeded, the queen first took Mrs. Dubari into the cold monastery. Antoinet established his master status in the Palace of Versailles.
The Queen is young and likes to play with sex. She wants to transform the Palace of Versailles and turn it into a world of young people. She believes that people are 30 years old, not only ugly, but also old -fashioned, and should not stay in the palace. As a result, the queen cleaned the female officer, drove away the palace ladies over 30 years old, and replaced them with a group of young people who could dance with them. The queen's measures hurt a large number of people. In the following years, these people spread rumors, fabricated scandals, and corrupted her reputation.
The pursuit of enjoyment is a major feature of queen life. The Palace of Versailles is extremely gorgeous in Europe, but it still cannot meet the queen's requirements. ) Expansion and transformation. Tria Nong was the Xiaoyao Palace of Louis XV, and now he has become the hidden place for the queen. The small palace castle is extremely gorgeous, but Antoinet still feels insufficient. She invited the famous French artist Robel to design a small theater commensurate with Xiaogongbao with her, and built a small artificial lake in front of Miyaobao Garden to build a small island in front of Miyao Garden. Dig a small stream, and the stream came from Mal to send it with a pipe. At that time, people said that the small streams of Tria farmers were not water but gold. It can be seen that the cost is expensive. The expansion part also includes: eight village houses not far away in Miyao, there are also small farms, farmers, animals ...
This is an elegant and rural pastoral scenery of Miyao Fort. Building complex. Here, the queen can invite friends to perform, dance, take a walk along the stream, and pick flowers. The court was tired of living, but he could go to the village house, chat with farmers, or go to the farm to squeeze milk.
The cost of the series of projects is amazing, but she never considers these, because she does not know the meaning of the circle behind the number. This was how the state treasury was spent in a confused manner.
The personal expenses used for queen are huge. There are hundreds of people serving her, and her expenses need to be said, and her personal costume expenses are surprising. Her clothes were specially designed by a well -known clothing designer in Paris. It is said that a piece of clothing should be spent 6,000 miles. The queen must make 12 packages, 12 evening dresses, 12 suit shirts every quarter. There are countless underwear, corset, pajamas, hats, gloves, and gloves. Whenever the queen wears a new set of clothing, it can always cause a sensation in the court. The young ladies scramble to make it, and the Palace of Versailles has become a fashion expo. As a result, the queen obtained an elegant- "superior social fashion model".
women like jewelry, and the queen. There are countless jewelery of her jewelry. Some of them are brought from Austria. Some of the kings will excite her with each piece of jewelry, and the cold diamonds are fascinated by her bright and bright diamonds. Once, she bought a diamond bracelet worth 250,000 miles from the jewelry dealer, making the people in the palace startled. This incident was criticized by my mother: "I heard that you spent a lot of money buying a bracelet, resulting in the financial support and owing debt. This incident made me feel uneasy. Dressing yourself in a show off. What's more, you don't know frugality at all. I know to what extent you can be extravagant. Disaster, unless you change your lifestyle. "She ignored her criticism, instead complaining that the mother did not understand the court of France and did not understand the difficulties of her life here.
Gambling is also a big hobby of the queen. Not only did she play cards, but she also gambled a lot. As a result, winning a lot of money, thereby owed a lot of gambling debts. Of course, these debts should be repaid for her. The news passed to Vienna, which caused her mother to criticize her more severe: "Gambling is the worst entertainment, it will make you and bad guys, and cause gossip. You must stop this evil habit. I know what serious this matter will cause. For the consequences, you will not only lose the respect of the French, but also sweep the floor abroad. "Mother's criticism can only temporarily stop her behavior. It won't be long before she repeats the same mistakes. For this reason, the national debt was exhausted, so the French gave her a new nickname "Mrs. Red."
The Queen's dry government
Louis XVI is a cowardly monarch, which provides the possibility of the queen. The frivolous queen took the national affairs as a child's drama, so that the disaster of the Bourbon dynasty was not far.
has been committed to solving the country's fiscal problems after Louis XVI, because Louis XV left him a huge loss. He appointed a talented economist Duro as the financial director. This public proposed a fiscal policy of "not bankruptcy, no taxes, no loan". As the state's financial situation improved slightly, France encountered a problem: the United States, which is undergoing an independent war, requested France for assistance. The United States' request caused a lot of response in France. Some people advocate supporting the United States to crack down on the UK, while Durguo resolutely oppose France's involvement in the war. He believes that once the war is involved, French finances will be cited to disaster. Louis tends to Durguo's view. However, the Queen Lord participated in the war. She said to Louis that the "Seven -Year War" (1756-1763) Britain asked France to humiliate France, causing France to lose overseas colonies, and now it is the opportunity to revenge. The comments of the queen finally changed the attitude of Louis XVI. The queen did not understand politics, war, and not knowing the interests of the war. She was the main war, but to satisfy the wishes of a lover. Her lover Axel is the enthusiastic supporter of the American Independence War, and he hopes that France can support the United States. As for the reason why the queen proposed to Louis XVI, it was what Axel said in front of her.
The queen's frivolity sent France into the war. With the support of France, the United States won the victory of the independent war, but France paid a major price for this: from 1778 to 1783, France added 2 billion new national bonds. More importantly, France lost the last time to restore the economy.
In Durguo stepped down, Louis XVI appointed Bank of Geneva as the financial director. Facing the financial situation of French difficulties, on the one hand, he issued government bonds to raise funds for war, on the other hand, tightening court expenditures and reduced court redundant staff, which caused the queen and court nobles. The queen said that Neck's policy led to the unemployment of the nobles and lost their dignity. Louis fired again in 1781.
The is gone. At this time, Louis XVI feels extremely lonely, and he relies more on the queen. The queen began to intervene directly in government affairs, and she dominated personnel appointments and removal according to her good and evil. She asked Louis XVI to appoint Caron as the financial director, and boasted that he was "courageous, talented, and flexible." In fact, this is a guy who only uses the money of the people to satisfy the queen and nobles. Caron became the cashier of the queen, and the treasury became the queen's money bag. He often distributed allowances to the court nobles. When the queen held a grand ball, trying to satisfy her squandering. Where does the money come from so much? The financial director's method is to borrow. After the war, from 1783-1787, the Treasury deficit grew 140 million miles per year. This fiscal situation naturally cannot be concealed for a long time. When people understand the actual situation, Caron is kicked off.
Kalon stepped down, and people strongly asked to recall Neck. However, regardless of people's opposition, the queen asked the king to appoint the bishop Brian as the financial director. Because Brian was recommended by her teacher Verre. In fact, Brian can be flat. The queen asked the king to appoint Britain for a personal feelings. The new financial director can't think of any new tricks except for borrowing, but there is new ideas in please the queen. He suggested that the queen participated in the Privy Council in order to obtain a direct say in national administrative work. However, the queen's luxury and dry administration have long aroused the dissatisfaction of the people. When Brian made this proposal, the dissatisfaction of the Paris people immediately broke out. They walked on the street and shouted "We will never accept the rule of" Madam of Red! "," Berian stepped down! "And other slogans.
The August 1688 Louis XVI fired Britain, but the French's anger did not calm down. France was on the eve of the Great Revolution. Messi wrote in a letter to Austria: "As far as the social turmoil and convergence are concerned, the current government is worse than the previous king. This situation cannot be lasting, it will lead to the disaster." This unsightly prospect of the dynasty seemed to feel the unintentional queen, but she felt it based on a superstition. Mrs. Kangbang told such a thing in her memoir: on the queen's combing table, four fine candles were placed, the first one went out, and she reappeared again. The three branches also extinguished. The queen was very scared to see this situation, and said, "Unfortunately it makes me superstitious. If the fourth candle goes out like others, then nothing can stop me from seeing it as a fatal omen." The result is the result. The fourth branch also extinguished.
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The revolution broke out on July 14, 1789. The uprising captured the buses. Essence
Profting the Paris Revolution, the nobles were panicked, and the king's Earva, Prince of Confucius, and the Duke of the Bourbon fled abroad. Although the queen was disturbed, she stayed with Louis XVI. However, her stupidity and prejudice led Louis to astray. Regarding whether to escape the question, the queen and Louis have their own opinions. The queen believes that they must escape Paris as soon as possible to Mess, and then launch a civil war to eliminate the rebels. Because Meus was the Bao King Army who was in the Baoju of Berry. And Louis XVI refused to leave Paris. He believed that once he left, the constitutional monarchy would push the Duke of Uncle Orleans to the throne.
In repeated persuasion of the queen, Louis shaken, and finally agreed to escape Paris. After careful planning and preparation, on the evening of June 20, 1791, the king and the queen fell out of the palace, with Mrs. Duerzil, who dressed as Russian ladies, and the princes, and then they fits them. Jumping on the pre -prepared four -wheeled carriage escaped from Paris. The next evening, the king's carriage came to a small post, ready to change the horse to continue. For the first time, the postmaker's son Troy saw such a gorgeous carriage and guess that there must be important characters here, so he walked to the carriage. Despite Louis XVI dress -ups, Trodica has a banknote of Louis 16 avatars, confirming that this person must be Louis XVI. Troe is a enthusiastic revolutionary. When the king left the station, he rushed to Valen to report the news of the king's escape. At around 10 pm, when the king carriage arrived in Valen, the king and the queen were immediately detained. The queen's fugitive conspiracy went bankrupt.
The escape of the king and the queen caused strong dissatisfaction among the people. On the way back to Paris, some people shouted "Judgment King" and "Hang the Queen". However, the constitutional monarchy ignores the emotions of the people. They want to continue to cooperate with the king to complete the transformation of the country's government. They restored the king's power. In September 1791, the king approved the Constitution sent by the parliament and stated that he supported the Constitution and safeguarded the completeness of the Constitution. The constitutional monarchy was established in France. When Louis followed public opinion, the French people immediately forgive his fault, and people shouted "Long live the king!"
If the queen can adapt to the situation, her later may not be too miserable. However, her paranoia and hostility to the revolution finally entered her into the abyss. She is unwilling to constitution of the monarchy, yearning for infinite monarchy and glory. After returning from Valen, she thoughtfully thought about how to restore the monarchy. She wanted to find an agent who resumed the monarchy from the revolutionary camp. To this end, she colluded with Mirapo. Soon Mirapo died, and she sent hopes to Austria and Prussia's interference. In the letter to Brother Wang, she wrote: "We have to do it as a last resort. Any moves we have made are happening when they lose freedom ... No matter where the situation develops, only foreign forces can Rescue us. "
In early 1792, Olympic and Pu concluded a military alliance to prepare to attack France. Louis XVI appeared in the face of the main battle, because he needed this war, regardless of the victory of the war, it was good for him. If the war victory, you can improve your prestige and status. If the war fails, you can use the interference of foreign forces to restore the original status. At this point, he and the queen's position are consistent. In April 1792, Louis XVAP and Puki declared war.
The constitutional performance around war issues hesitant, Glen's special battle. As a result, Louis fired the constitutional cabinet and ordered Glen Special Pavilion. As France failed at the front line, he fired Gelan Special Cabinet and let the constitutional faction re -organize the cabinet. This has intensified the contradiction and caused a huge political oscillation. On June 20, the anger in the defeat rushed to the palace and asked to restore the Gelan Special Cabinet. Louis XVI had to promise to dissolve the constitutional cabinet. When hesitant and weak Louis finally canceled the constitutional cabinet, it also meant that he lost his final protection.
It's view of the Jacobin (radicals in the French Revolution), the king and queen are the enemies of the revolution. On August 10, the Jacobin mobilized uprisings, the uprising rushed into the palace, Louis and the queen fled to the parliament for protection. However, the parliament announced the stop of the king's power and sent it to the Danpur Prison. On September 22, France announced the cancellation of the monarchy and the implementation of the republic.
The Queen of Louis XVI has become a prisoner. The uprising found the secrets of the king, the European monarch and the escape nobles from the Louis bedroom, and the talk records with Milabo. These documents provide a basis for the prosecution of Louis. On December 11, 1792, the parliamentary organization tried the king. During the trial on December 26, Louis XVI made the final defense for himself: "Louis is 20 years old, and he is in a righteous, fair and honest, and never corruption. I have nothing to say in front of history that history will conclude your trial. "On January 20, 1793, Parliament passed the death penalty of Louis with 387: 334 votes.
Profile after Louis's death, the queen transferred from Danpur Prison to the Parisian referee. In October 1793, the parliament began to judge the queen. The prosecutor accused her: "You have not stopped the idea of destroying freedom for a moment. You have never expected to rule France at any price, and re -enter the throne at the bodies of the Patriot." The throne, we have been sitting there. Except for the happiness of France, we do not want anything. As long as the France used to be happy, as long as France is still happy, then we will always feel happy. "Until then, she still thought stubbornly Before the revolution, France was happy, and he was a noble queen. On October 16, the queen was sentenced to death with public funds, opposition to revolution, and Ritong foreign crimes. Before the sentence, Antovinet left Wang Mei Elizabeth's suicide, entrusted her to take care of the crown prince and princess. But it didn't take long for the crown prince to die in prison. The fate of the princess was pretty good. Later, the Austrian emperor replaced her with French captives.
Marie An-Toinette (1755-1793) Wife of Louis XVI, France.
Born in Vienna, the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francois I. The Austrian court married her to the French crown prince in 1770, then Louis XVI.
Is after arriving at the French court, he is keen on the dance, playing and celebrating feasts, luxury, and known as "Madam of Red".
In the beginning of the revolution, it shows more opinions and stubbornness than Louis Sixteen. When the masses attacked the buses on July 14, 1789, they persuaded Louis XVI to lead the soldiers to Mess to take refuge. She supported the king to reject the requirements of the abolition of feudal systems and restrictions on the king's rights proposed by the National Assembly, as a result. In October 1789, he moved back to Paris from Versailles with Tong Louis XVI, under the monitoring of the revolutionary masses. She secretly moved, asking for help from an exile nobleman. She fled with the king in June 1791, but when she went to the border city of Valen, she was found and escaped. In 1792, France declared war on Austria. She continued to colludes with Austria and provided the combat plan to foreign interference forces in an attempt to suppress the revolution by external forces. After the incident was revealed, the French people were angry, resulting in the uprising of the Paris people on August 10, 1792, and the uprising overturned the monarchy. She and the king were imprisoned in Dangpar Prison. In October of the following year, he was delivered to the revolutionary court for trial, sentenced to death, and sent it to a broken side.
. The main reason for her abuse is because of her luxury. The famous "if the people have no bread, then change the cake", she is from her mouth and after the war against Austria in France Collect Olympics to suppress the domestic revolution.
Is because some people think she is not so extravagant, they are still sympathetic to the people of the people. France King Louis XVI. Born in Vienna, the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francois I. The Austrian court married her to the French crown prince in 1770, then Louis XVI. After arriving at the French court, he was keen on the dance, playing and celebrating feasts, luxurious, and known as "Mrs. Red". After the beginning of the revolution, it was more opinionated and stubborn than Louis XVI. When the masses attacked the buses on July 14, 1789, they persuaded Louis XVI to lead the soldiers to Mess to take refuge. She supported the king to reject the requirements of the abolition of feudal systems and restrictions on the king's rights proposed by the National Assembly, as a result. In October 1789, he moved back to Paris from Versailles with Tong Louis XVI, under the monitoring of the revolutionary masses. She secretly moved, asking for help from an exile nobleman. She fled with the king in June 1791, but when she went to the border city of Valen, she was found and escaped. In 1792, France declared war on Austria. She continued to colludes with Austria and provided the combat plan to foreign interference forces in an attempt to suppress the revolution by external forces. After the incident was revealed, the French people were angry, resulting in the uprising of the Paris people on August 10, 1792, and the uprising overturned the monarchy. She and the king were imprisoned in Dangpar Prison. In October of the following year, he was delivered to the revolutionary court for trial, sentenced to death, and sent it to a broken side.
Mary Antovonit was often mistakenly quoted, saying that she once said that "if the people have no bread, then change the cake", but there is no historical evidence that she shows her. I really said that; in fact, she had a letter that she felt guilty about the poverty of the people.
Children's time Mary Antovonit is the fifteenth child of the Queen Mary Trisa and Franz I (the youngest daughter, she also has a younger brother To. On November 2, 1755, she was born in the Holfburg Palace in Vienna. She was named Maria-Antonia-JosePha-Johanna. Maria is to commemorate the Virgin, Maria, Antovonit is St. Anthony, who commemorates Padova, Josephine is to commemorate her elder brother Joseph, and Johnna is commemorating the missionary Saint John. A minister described this newborn: "A petite but healthy female grandfather."
Mary Antovarine was three years older than her sister Maria Corollener He grew up with the company, a younger brother, who was one year older, Mosmilian. Her other elder brother Joseph II, Lion Port II and Ferdinand have played an important role in the Habsburg Empire.
The legend about her childhood: Mary Antovonit met Mozart, a genius child. He presented his personal performance to the royal family. After the queen asked him what he wanted to be a reward, Mozart answered like this, and he hoped to hold hands with the emperor's youngest daughter at the wedding (more ridiculous to the queen.) n Mary Anto Venet's sisters in 1783 Mary Antovonat's sisters soon married the royal family in Europe. The fourth sister Maria Christina married the future Governor of the Netherlands, the sixth sister Maria Alma, and the Duke of Parma, and Maria Antovonit's best ten sisters Maria Corolner and King of Naples Ferdinan.
A as a child, she is cute and observed, but she has hardly received real education. She repeatedly became impermanent, could not concentrate, and almost didn't understand art and reading. Her French is poor and only willing to speak German. But when her eighth sister Johanna died in the smallpox in 1762, Mary Antone specially became a child in her mother's political game.
The Austrian and France signed a new peace treaty, which made the intermittent war from 1494 ended. The heir of Louis XV is his grandson Louis-August. In the plan, he should marry one of the daughters of Maria Trisa. Because Johnna's death determined that Mary Antovonit would be sent to France to get married with the crown prince.
Is when Maria Trisa asked whether her daughter would be happy in France, he replied, "There is a cross to guarantee." In April 1770 At this time she was fourteen years old. The queen's farewell to her sobbing daughter is: "Farewell, my dearest child. It is very good for the French people, so that they can say that I send them an angel."
In fact, it is a question of translation. The translation of my country is called Mary Antoineter
Mary Antovnett is the wife of Louis XVI in France. Louis Sixteen Sexuality is strong, but indecisive. The Queen Mu Mu vanity and liked to do politics. However, because of her frivolous and shallowness, French affairs often made a mess.
The period of Louis 15, due to the extravagance of foreign wars and the court of the court, the state treasury has been empty and liabilities are exhausted. Antovnett is even more spoiled, which worsen the empty treasury snow. France was in a serious crisis.
. The revolution broke out in France in 1789. Louis XVI and Queen became the "sacrifice" of the revolutionary altar.
Mef France
In 1755, Antoinet was born in Austria's royal family. Male Marie Trisia is the head of the Austrian emperor, Hungary, and Bohemia. Father Francis I was a king of the side. There are many brothers and sisters of the princess. She is the 15th child of the Queen (4 deaths before), so she is particularly loved by her parents.
The princess's childhood had no sorrow. She liked dancing and acting ... Her father died at the age of 10, which made her feel the pain of life for the first time. But a few weeks later she left this pain to her head and returned to that happy world.
In traditional and habits, princesses cannot stay in the palace for a long time. They must marry early and become members of the royal family. At the age of 12, her mother began to consider her marriage. The queen hopes that the princess can marry the French crown prince to achieve Austrian and French marriage, thereby consolidating Austrian status in Europe. To this end, the queen contacted the French court through the Olympic Ambassador to France.
In order to enable the princess to adapt to her future role, the Queen re -tune Antovonitt, let her learn French and French court etiquette, and understand the historical knowledge about France.
In order to help the princess accumulate social experience, the emperor often takes her to participate in various social activities to teach her how to cope with people with different identities. On one occasion, the Queen took her to a social party with the Ambassador to the Austria. The French ambassador asked which country the princess would like, and the princess replied that she liked France. "Why?" The princess replied: "Because there was a great monarch Louis XIV in France." The French ambassador was very satisfied with the princess's answer. In fact, these words were pre -taught by the mother.
The marriage of King Louis XV, the prince of Louis Augustine, also attaches great importance to his eldest grandson -Crown Prince Louis Augustine. Let the ambassador to Australia observe the princess secretly and continue to report the situation of the princess. When the French king learned that the Princess Princess French and etiquette were two French actors, they were unhappy. He believes that a noble princess can let the two artists teach! Therefore, the queen of the Austrian State recommended Father Vermethon. Louis XV asked Vermeth to serve as a princess's private teacher. One was that the priest himself was more knowledgeable, and the other was to let him observe the princess further. Later, the priest wrote in the letter to Fa King: "I have been in Vienna for ten months, and I remember my His Majesty's holy. After this careful observation, I think the little princess is much smarter than the general rumors. But unfortunately, she was satisfied with many courses. She has a good look, peaceful personality, and impeccable. "According to the report of the priest, Louis XV determined the marriage in her heart.
The princess looks good, but it is not impeccable. Her teeth were uneven, and the forehead was slightly confused, which hindered the image. Louis Fifteen is a person who cares about appearance, so French dentist corrects his teeth. The Queen did not dare to neglect. He hired a famous beautician from France. He tried all the hair styles, and finally combed the princess's head into a high -rise towering forehead. This hair not only covered the princess's outstanding forehead, but also made her more charming.
In 1769, France officially proposed marriage to Austria, and the wedding period was scheduled to be Easter in the second year. At this time, there was no major event in Europe, so the wedding of the princess and the crown prince became the top priority of the two countries. Olympic and Fa are preparing for this wedding and busy.
On April 21, 1770, Antovonit, 15, will marry France. This is the most luxurious wedding in Europe. The early arrival was composed of 107 people, and the gorgeous French marriage team started from Vienna. The four -wheeled carriage by the princess is carefully produced by Paris's premier car makers. It is magnificent and comfortable. The attendant team is mighty, with female servants, maids, secretaries, doctors, pastors, hairdressers, chefs, etc. Vienna's powsing is also not small. 376 knights escorted princesses, and the Cavaliers had to change four or five horses a day. From Vienna to the French border, the Austrian side used more than 20,000 horses.
The wedding of the royal family is complicated. When entering the French border, a "transfer ceremony" must be held. The ceremony was held on a sandbar in the Rhine. Here, France set up a temporary wooden house. The princess went in from one side of the wooden house, all changed into French clothing, and then even if it was French from the other side. When the princess walked out of the wooden house, people cheered. Antwinet is no longer the Austrian princess, but the French Crown Prince.
The Gonabine on May 14. This is the last stop to go to Versailles. Louis XII. Crown Prince, Minister, and Palace ladies made a special trip here. Here she saw the crown prince for the first time, a boy one year older than her. He was tall and slightly clumsy, and his tender face seemed a little uneasy. Antewine met with the king. When she waited for the crown prince to kiss, he only touched her with her cheeks. This disappointed her.
The wedding was held in the small church in Versailles on May 15th.
The wedding banquet is placed in the Grand Theater just completed. This was specially built to entertain 6,000 guests. The orchestral band composed of 80 people played a beautiful melody, making the wedding banquet climax. The night is carnival night. Versailles's streets are full of lights, crowded with people from Paris Viewing Great Fireworks Gala. Antewine has never seen such a grand scene, and all of this is designed for her. She was excited and experienced the glory of a Mrs. Crown Prince.
The hostess of Versailles
1774 Louis XV died, and the 20 -year -old Louis 16 appeared on the throne. Louis XVI's body is not healthy, and he is a bit obese with age. He also had a small defect (later cure for surgery). This defect caused him to feel a kind of guilt to his wife, which led to everything to comply with her. Antewine also acknowledged that he was a woman who was spoiled by the king. This was where the queen was unfortunate. After Louis XVI landed, Antewinet dominated the Palace of Versailles as the queen.
The palace of Versailles was built in the Louis XIV era. In the late 15th stage of Louis, Mrs. Dubari, who dominated the Palace of Versailles, was the mistress of the king. She manipulated Louis XV, so many people in the palace asked her and stabbed her. She once looked down on her because of Antopinet, and scolded Antoinett as "Austrian Little Red Mao". The relationship between the two was tense. The queen once wrote to warn her daughter that the people in the king's circle must be treated with courtesy. Following her mother's teachings, she and Mrs. Dubari settled on the surface. After Louis XVI succeeded, the queen first took Mrs. Dubari into the cold monastery. Antoinet established his master status in the Palace of Versailles.
The Queen is young and likes to play with sex. She wants to transform the Palace of Versailles and turn it into a world of young people. She believes that people are 30 years old, not only ugly, but also old -fashioned, and should not stay in the palace. As a result, the queen cleaned the female officer, drove away the palace ladies over 30 years old, and replaced them with a group of young people who could dance with them. The queen's measures hurt a large number of people. In the following years, these people spread rumors, fabricated scandals, and corrupted her reputation.
The pursuit of enjoyment is a major feature of queen life. The Palace of Versailles is extremely gorgeous in Europe, but it still cannot meet the queen's requirements. ) Expansion and transformation. Tria Nong was the Xiaoyao Palace of Louis XV, and now he has become the hidden place for the queen. The small palace castle is extremely gorgeous, but Antoinet still feels insufficient. She invited the famous French artist Robel to design a small theater commensurate with Xiaogongbao with her, and built a small artificial lake in front of Miyaobao Garden to build a small island in front of Miyao Garden. Dig a small stream, and the stream came from Mal to send it with a pipe. At that time, people said that the small streams of Tria farmers were not water but gold. It can be seen that the cost is expensive. The expansion part also includes: eight village houses not far away in Miyao, there are also small farms, farmers, animals ...
This is an elegant and rural pastoral scenery of Miyao Fort. Building complex. Here, the queen can invite friends to perform, dance, take a walk along the stream, and pick flowers. The court was tired of living, but he could go to the village house, chat with farmers, or go to the farm to squeeze milk.
The cost of the series of projects is amazing, but she never considers these, because she does not know the meaning of the circle behind the number. This was how the state treasury was spent in a confused manner.
The personal expenses used for queen are huge. There are hundreds of people serving her, and her expenses need to be said, and her personal costume expenses are surprising. Her clothes were specially designed by a well -known clothing designer in Paris. It is said that a piece of clothing should be spent 6,000 miles. The queen must make 12 packages, 12 evening dresses, 12 suit shirts every quarter. There are countless underwear, corset, pajamas, hats, gloves, and gloves. Whenever the queen wears a new set of clothing, it can always cause a sensation in the court. The young ladies scramble to make it, and the Palace of Versailles has become a fashion expo. As a result, the queen obtained an elegant- "superior social fashion model".
women like jewelry, and the queen. There are countless jewelery of her jewelry. Some of them are brought from Austria. Some of the kings will excite her with each piece of jewelry, and the cold diamonds are fascinated by her bright and bright diamonds. Once, she bought a diamond bracelet worth 250,000 miles from the jewelry dealer, making the people in the palace startled. This incident was criticized by my mother: "I heard that you spent a lot of money buying a bracelet, resulting in the financial support and owing debt. This incident made me feel uneasy. Dressing yourself in a show off. What's more, you don't know frugality at all. I know to what extent you can be extravagant. Disaster, unless you change your lifestyle. "She ignored her criticism, instead complaining that the mother did not understand the court of France and did not understand the difficulties of her life here.
Gambling is also a big hobby of the queen. Not only did she play cards, but she also gambled a lot. As a result, winning a lot of money, thereby owed a lot of gambling debts. Of course, these debts should be repaid for her. The news passed to Vienna, which caused her mother to criticize her more severe: "Gambling is the worst entertainment, it will make you and bad guys, and cause gossip. You must stop this evil habit. I know what serious this matter will cause. For the consequences, you will not only lose the respect of the French, but also sweep the floor abroad. "Mother's criticism can only temporarily stop her behavior. It won't be long before she repeats the same mistakes. For this reason, the national debt was exhausted, so the French gave her a new nickname "Mrs. Red."
The Queen's dry government
Louis XVI is a cowardly monarch, which provides the possibility of the queen. The frivolous queen took the national affairs as a child's drama, so that the disaster of the Bourbon dynasty was not far.
has been committed to solving the country's fiscal problems after Louis XVI, because Louis XV left him a huge loss. He appointed a talented economist Duro as the financial director. This public proposed a fiscal policy of "not bankruptcy, no taxes, no loan". As the state's financial situation improved slightly, France encountered a problem: the United States, which is undergoing an independent war, requested France for assistance. The United States' request caused a lot of response in France. Some people advocate supporting the United States to crack down on the UK, while Durguo resolutely oppose France's involvement in the war. He believes that once the war is involved, French finances will be cited to disaster. Louis tends to Durguo's view. However, the Queen Lord participated in the war. She said to Louis that the "Seven -Year War" (1756-1763) Britain asked France to humiliate France, causing France to lose overseas colonies, and now it is the opportunity to revenge. The comments of the queen finally changed the attitude of Louis XVI. The queen did not understand politics, war, and not knowing the interests of the war. She was the main war, but to satisfy the wishes of a lover. Her lover Axel is the enthusiastic supporter of the American Independence War, and he hopes that France can support the United States. As for the reason why the queen proposed to Louis XVI, it was what Axel said in front of her.
The queen's frivolity sent France into the war. With the support of France, the United States won the victory of the independent war, but France paid a major price for this: from 1778 to 1783, France added 2 billion new national bonds. More importantly, France lost the last time to restore the economy.
In Durguo stepped down, Louis XVI appointed Bank of Geneva as the financial director. Facing the financial situation of French difficulties, on the one hand, he issued government bonds to raise funds for war, on the other hand, tightening court expenditures and reduced court redundant staff, which caused the queen and court nobles. The queen said that Neck's policy led to the unemployment of the nobles and lost their dignity. Louis fired again in 1781.
The is gone. At this time, Louis XVI feels extremely lonely, and he relies more on the queen. The queen began to intervene directly in government affairs, and she dominated personnel appointments and removal according to her good and evil. She asked Louis XVI to appoint Caron as the financial director, and boasted that he was "courageous, talented, and flexible." In fact, this is a guy who only uses the money of the people to satisfy the queen and nobles. Caron became the cashier of the queen, and the treasury became the queen's money bag. He often distributed allowances to the court nobles. When the queen held a grand ball, trying to satisfy her squandering. Where does the money come from so much? The financial director's method is to borrow. After the war, from 1783-1787, the Treasury deficit grew 140 million miles per year. This fiscal situation naturally cannot be concealed for a long time. When people understand the actual situation, Caron is kicked off.
Kalon stepped down, and people strongly asked to recall Neck. However, regardless of people's opposition, the queen asked the king to appoint the bishop Brian as the financial director. Because Brian was recommended by her teacher Verre. In fact, Brian can be flat. The queen asked the king to appoint Britain for a personal feelings. The new financial director can't think of any new tricks except for borrowing, but there is new ideas in please the queen. He suggested that the queen participated in the Privy Council in order to obtain a direct say in national administrative work. However, the queen's luxury and dry administration have long aroused the dissatisfaction of the people. When Brian made this proposal, the dissatisfaction of the Paris people immediately broke out. They walked on the street and shouted "We will never accept the rule of" Madam of Red! "," Berian stepped down! "And other slogans.
The August 1688 Louis XVI fired Britain, but the French's anger did not calm down. France was on the eve of the Great Revolution. Messi wrote in a letter to Austria: "As far as the social turmoil and convergence are concerned, the current government is worse than the previous king. This situation cannot be lasting, it will lead to the disaster." This unsightly prospect of the dynasty seemed to feel the unintentional queen, but she felt it based on a superstition. Mrs. Kangbang told such a thing in her memoir: on the queen's combing table, four fine candles were placed, the first one went out, and she reappeared again. The three branches also extinguished. The queen was very scared to see this situation, and said, "Unfortunately it makes me superstitious. If the fourth candle goes out like others, then nothing can stop me from seeing it as a fatal omen." The result is the result. The fourth branch also extinguished.
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The revolution broke out on July 14, 1789. The uprising captured the buses. Essence
Profting the Paris Revolution, the nobles were panicked, and the king's Earva, Prince of Confucius, and the Duke of the Bourbon fled abroad. Although the queen was disturbed, she stayed with Louis XVI. However, her stupidity and prejudice led Louis to astray. Regarding whether to escape the question, the queen and Louis have their own opinions. The queen believes that they must escape Paris as soon as possible to Mess, and then launch a civil war to eliminate the rebels. Because Meus was the Bao King Army who was in the Baoju of Berry. And Louis XVI refused to leave Paris. He believed that once he left, the constitutional monarchy would push the Duke of Uncle Orleans to the throne.
In repeated persuasion of the queen, Louis shaken, and finally agreed to escape Paris. After careful planning and preparation, on the evening of June 20, 1791, the king and the queen fell out of the palace, with Mrs. Duerzil, who dressed as Russian ladies, and the princes, and then they fits them. Jumping on the pre -prepared four -wheeled carriage escaped from Paris. The next evening, the king's carriage came to a small post, ready to change the horse to continue. For the first time, the postmaker's son Troy saw such a gorgeous carriage and guess that there must be important characters here, so he walked to the carriage. Despite Louis XVI dress -ups, Trodica has a banknote of Louis 16 avatars, confirming that this person must be Louis XVI. Troe is a enthusiastic revolutionary. When the king left the station, he rushed to Valen to report the news of the king's escape. At around 10 pm, when the king carriage arrived in Valen, the king and the queen were immediately detained. The queen's fugitive conspiracy went bankrupt.
The escape of the king and the queen caused strong dissatisfaction among the people. On the way back to Paris, some people shouted "Judgment King" and "Hang the Queen". However, the constitutional monarchy ignores the emotions of the people. They want to continue to cooperate with the king to complete the transformation of the country's government. They restored the king's power. In September 1791, the king approved the Constitution sent by the parliament and stated that he supported the Constitution and safeguarded the completeness of the Constitution. The constitutional monarchy was established in France. When Louis followed public opinion, the French people immediately forgive his fault, and people shouted "Long live the king!"
If the queen can adapt to the situation, her later may not be too miserable. However, her paranoia and hostility to the revolution finally entered her into the abyss. She is unwilling to constitution of the monarchy, yearning for infinite monarchy and glory. After returning from Valen, she thoughtfully thought about how to restore the monarchy. She wanted to find an agent who resumed the monarchy from the revolutionary camp. To this end, she colluded with Mirapo. Soon Mirapo died, and she sent hopes to Austria and Prussia's interference. In the letter to Brother Wang, she wrote: "We have to do it as a last resort. Any moves we have made are happening when they lose freedom ... No matter where the situation develops, only foreign forces can Rescue us. "
In early 1792, Olympic and Pu concluded a military alliance to prepare to attack France. Louis XVI appeared in the face of the main battle, because he needed this war, regardless of the victory of the war, it was good for him. If the war victory, you can improve your prestige and status. If the war fails, you can use the interference of foreign forces to restore the original status. At this point, he and the queen's position are consistent. In April 1792, Louis XVAP and Puki declared war.
The constitutional performance around war issues hesitant, Glen's special battle. As a result, Louis fired the constitutional cabinet and ordered Glen Special Pavilion. As France failed at the front line, he fired Gelan Special Cabinet and let the constitutional faction re -organize the cabinet. This has intensified the contradiction and caused a huge political oscillation. On June 20, the anger in the defeat rushed to the palace and asked to restore the Gelan Special Cabinet. Louis XVI had to promise to dissolve the constitutional cabinet. When hesitant and weak Louis finally canceled the constitutional cabinet, it also meant that he lost his final protection.
It's view of the Jacobin (radicals in the French Revolution), the king and queen are the enemies of the revolution. On August 10, the Jacobin mobilized uprisings, the uprising rushed into the palace, Louis and the queen fled to the parliament for protection. However, the parliament announced the stop of the king's power and sent it to the Danpur Prison. On September 22, France announced the cancellation of the monarchy and the implementation of the republic.
The Queen of Louis XVI has become a prisoner. The uprising found the secrets of the king, the European monarch and the escape nobles from the Louis bedroom, and the talk records with Milabo. These documents provide a basis for the prosecution of Louis. On December 11, 1792, the parliamentary organization tried the king. During the trial on December 26, Louis XVI made the final defense for himself: "Louis is 20 years old, and he is in a righteous, fair and honest, and never corruption. I have nothing to say in front of history that history will conclude your trial. "On January 20, 1793, Parliament passed the death penalty of Louis with 387: 334 votes.
Profile after Louis's death, the queen transferred from Danpur Prison to the Parisian referee. In October 1793, the parliament began to judge the queen. The prosecutor accused her: "You have not stopped the idea of destroying freedom for a moment. You have never expected to rule France at any price, and re -enter the throne at the bodies of the Patriot." The throne, we have been sitting there. Except for the happiness of France, we do not want anything. As long as the France used to be happy, as long as France is still happy, then we will always feel happy. "Until then, she still thought stubbornly Before the revolution, France was happy, and he was a noble queen. On October 16, the queen was sentenced to death with public funds, opposition to revolution, and Ritong foreign crimes. Before the sentence, Antovinet left Wang Mei Elizabeth's suicide, entrusted her to take care of the crown prince and princess. But it didn't take long for the crown prince to die in prison. The fate of the princess was pretty good. Later, the Austrian emperor replaced her with French captives.
Marie An-Toinette (1755-1793) Wife of Louis XVI, France.
Born in Vienna, the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francois I. The Austrian court married her to the French crown prince in 1770, then Louis XVI.
Is after arriving at the French court, he is keen on the dance, playing and celebrating feasts, luxury, and known as "Madam of Red".
In the beginning of the revolution, it shows more opinions and stubbornness than Louis Sixteen. When the masses attacked the buses on July 14, 1789, they persuaded Louis XVI to lead the soldiers to Mess to take refuge. She supported the king to reject the requirements of the abolition of feudal systems and restrictions on the king's rights proposed by the National Assembly, as a result. In October 1789, he moved back to Paris from Versailles with Tong Louis XVI, under the monitoring of the revolutionary masses. She secretly moved, asking for help from an exile nobleman. She fled with the king in June 1791, but when she went to the border city of Valen, she was found and escaped. In 1792, France declared war on Austria. She continued to colludes with Austria and provided the combat plan to foreign interference forces in an attempt to suppress the revolution by external forces. After the incident was revealed, the French people were angry, resulting in the uprising of the Paris people on August 10, 1792, and the uprising overturned the monarchy. She and the king were imprisoned in Dangpar Prison. In October of the following year, he was delivered to the revolutionary court for trial, sentenced to death, and sent it to a broken side.
. The main reason for her abuse is because of her luxury. The famous "if the people have no bread, then change the cake", she is from her mouth and after the war against Austria in France Collect Olympics to suppress the domestic revolution.
Is because some people think she is not so extravagant, they are still sympathetic to the people of the people.
France King Louis XVI. Born in Vienna, the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francois I. The Austrian court married her to the French crown prince in 1770, then Louis XVI. After arriving at the French court, he was keen on the dance, playing and celebrating feasts, luxurious, and known as "Mrs. Red". After the beginning of the revolution, it was more opinionated and stubborn than Louis XVI. When the masses attacked the buses on July 14, 1789, they persuaded Louis XVI to lead the soldiers to Mess to take refuge. She supported the king to reject the requirements of the abolition of feudal systems and restrictions on the king's rights proposed by the National Assembly, as a result. In October 1789, he moved back to Paris from Versailles with Tong Louis XVI, under the monitoring of the revolutionary masses. She secretly moved, asking for help from an exile nobleman. She fled with the king in June 1791, but when she went to the border city of Valen, she was found and escaped. In 1792, France declared war on Austria. She continued to colludes with Austria and provided the combat plan to foreign interference forces in an attempt to suppress the revolution by external forces. After the incident was revealed, the French people were angry, resulting in the uprising of the Paris people on August 10, 1792, and the uprising overturned the monarchy. She and the king were imprisoned in Dangpar Prison. In October of the following year, he was delivered to the revolutionary court for trial, sentenced to death, and sent it to a broken side.
Mary Antovonit was often mistakenly quoted, saying that she once said that "if the people have no bread, then change the cake", but there is no historical evidence that she shows her. I really said that; in fact, she had a letter that she felt guilty about the poverty of the people.
Children's time
Mary Antovonit is the fifteenth child of the Queen Mary Trisa and Franz I (the youngest daughter, she also has a younger brother To. On November 2, 1755, she was born in the Holfburg Palace in Vienna. She was named Maria-Antonia-JosePha-Johanna. Maria is to commemorate the Virgin, Maria, Antovonit is St. Anthony, who commemorates Padova, Josephine is to commemorate her elder brother Joseph, and Johnna is commemorating the missionary Saint John. A minister described this newborn: "A petite but healthy female grandfather."
Mary Antovarine was three years older than her sister Maria Corollener He grew up with the company, a younger brother, who was one year older, Mosmilian. Her other elder brother Joseph II, Lion Port II and Ferdinand have played an important role in the Habsburg Empire.
The legend about her childhood: Mary Antovonit met Mozart, a genius child. He presented his personal performance to the royal family. After the queen asked him what he wanted to be a reward, Mozart answered like this, and he hoped to hold hands with the emperor's youngest daughter at the wedding (more ridiculous to the queen.)
n Mary Anto Venet's sisters in 1783
Mary Antovonat's sisters soon married the royal family in Europe. The fourth sister Maria Christina married the future Governor of the Netherlands, the sixth sister Maria Alma, and the Duke of Parma, and Maria Antovonit's best ten sisters Maria Corolner and King of Naples Ferdinan.
A as a child, she is cute and observed, but she has hardly received real education. She repeatedly became impermanent, could not concentrate, and almost didn't understand art and reading. Her French is poor and only willing to speak German. But when her eighth sister Johanna died in the smallpox in 1762, Mary Antone specially became a child in her mother's political game.
The Austrian and France signed a new peace treaty, which made the intermittent war from 1494 ended. The heir of Louis XV is his grandson Louis-August. In the plan, he should marry one of the daughters of Maria Trisa. Because Johnna's death determined that Mary Antovonit would be sent to France to get married with the crown prince.
Is when Maria Trisa asked whether her daughter would be happy in France, he replied, "There is a cross to guarantee." In April 1770 At this time she was fourteen years old. The queen's farewell to her sobbing daughter is: "Farewell, my dearest child. It is very good for the French people, so that they can say that I send them an angel."